Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are a class of transmembrane ion channels, primarily divided into nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic (mAChR) types. nAChRs have a pentameric structure and are expressed at the neuromuscular junction and within the nervous system, regulating neural signal transmission. mAChRs belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family, affecting a variety of cellular functions. AChRs are located on the cell membrane, involved in processes such as neurotransmitter release, heart rhythm, and cognition. Their gene expression is tissue-specific, and mutations or abnormal regulation are associated with a variety of diseases, such as myasthenia gravis and Alzheimer's disease.