Antibacterials are drugs used to inhibit or kill bacteria, including β-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, and more. These drugs have diverse structures and target bacterial cell walls, protein synthesis machinery, or DNA replication components. They work by disrupting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, inhibiting protein synthesis, or blocking DNA replication, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth or causing bacterial death. The effectiveness of antibacterials is affected by specific bacterial gene expressions and mutations, which often lead to drug resistance.