ATP synthase is a complex enzyme complex responsible for the synthesis of ATP in cells, primarily found in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the thylakoid membrane of photosynthetic organisms. It consists of two parts, F0 and F1, with F0 responsible for the transmembrane transport of protons, while F1 catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate. ATP synthase is universally present in all energy-requiring organisms, with its activity and expression levels regulated by cellular energy demands and environmental factors. Gene mutations may affect its function, leading to disruptions in energy metabolism and association with various genetic diseases such as mitochondrial diseases. Furthermore, dysregulation and dysfunction of ATP synthase are associated with health issues including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.