GABA receptors are the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system, classified into GABA_A, GABA_B, and GABA_C families. GABA_A and GABA_C receptors are ion channel-type receptors, while GABA_B is a G protein-coupled receptor. These receptors are widely distributed on the surface of various brain neurons, regulating neuronal excitability and participating in various biological responses and signaling pathways such as sleep and emotional regulation. Gene-specific expression and mutations of these receptors are closely associated with various neurological disorders such as epilepsy, anxiety disorders, and sleep disorders. The function and expression of GABA receptors are subject to precise genetic and epigenetic regulation.