The HES family is a group of helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional repressors, including multiple members such as HES1, HES2, etc. They are primarily located in the cell nucleus and inhibit the expression of target genes by binding to E-box sequences. HES plays a crucial role in the Notch signaling pathway, participating in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. HES genes are expressed in various cells and tissues, especially in the nervous and immune systems. The tissue-specific expression and mutations of HES genes are associated with a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, hematological disorders, and cancer.