Heat shock proteins (HSP) constitute a group of molecular chaperones that protect cells from stress-induced damage, with family members including HSP70, HSP90, and other. They are widely distributed in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and other cellular compartments, participating in protein folding, assembly, transport, and degradation. HSPs interact with various signaling pathways, responding to cellular stress and playing a role in processes such as anti-apoptosis and inflammation. Under specific tissues or stress conditions, the expression of HSPs is upregulated to protect cells. Mutations or dysregulation in gene expression are associated with various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Therefore, heat shock proteins are critical factors in cellular stress response and disease occurrence.