The IL (interleukin) family includes multiple members such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, etc., which are usually produced by immune cells such as T cells, B cells and macrophages. IL family members have a variety of structures, are mainly located outside cells, and are involved in regulating immune responses, inflammatory responses and cell proliferation. By binding to specific receptors, IL activates signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT, MAPK and NF-κB, affecting cytokine production, cell differentiation and anti-pathogen responses. IL mutations or dysregulated expression are associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, infections, and tumors.