In immunology and inflammatory responses, signaling molecules regulate the body's response to infections and injuries. When pathogens such as bacteria or viruses invade, or when the body is subjected to physical or chemical damage, the immune system initiates an inflammatory response by recognizing specific molecular patterns. These patterns are known as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), which are identified through Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like Receptors (NLRs). This leads to the activation of key transcription factors such as Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB), Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STATs), and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs). These transcription factors enter the nucleus and promote the expression of inflammatory cytokines like Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), various Interleukins (ILs), and Interferons (IFNs).