CAS No. :	97-18-7
Formula :	C₁₂H₆Cl₄O₂S
M.W :	356.05
SMILES Code :	OC1=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=C1SC2=CC(Cl)=CC(Cl)=C2O
Synonyms :	CP 3438; Actamer; Lorothidol
MDL No. :	MFCD00055727
InChI Key :	JFIOVJDNOJYLKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Pubchem ID :	2406

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:	Warning
Hazard Statements:	H302
Precautionary Statements:	P301+P312+P330

Citrullus vulgaris urease (CVU)	376.50 µM	1 hour	Inhibition of CVU activity, IC50 value of 376.50 μM	Molecules. 2016 Nov 26;21(12):1628.
Rat locus coeruleus neurons	1-10 µM	10 minutes	Potentiated glutamate-induced post-activation inhibition (PAI) in a concentration-dependent manner, without altering glutamate-induced activation	Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Feb;156(4):649-61.
KG-1a cells	7, 14, 28 µM	12, 24, 48, 72 hours	To evaluate bithionol-induced DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest, showing an increased proportion of sub-G0/G1 phase cells.	Cell Death Discov. 2024 Aug 29;10(1):390.
MRSA MW2	8, 16, 32 μg/mL	2 hours	To evaluate the bactericidal activity of Bithionol against MRSA MW2 persister cells, results showed complete eradication within 2 hours.	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Aug 13;116(33):16529-16534.
Neuro2A cells	10 µM	2 hours	Inhibition of NAPE-PLD activity, significantly reducing synaptamide production	Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov 20;21(22):8768.
MRSA MW2	8, 16, 32 μg/mL	24 hours	To evaluate the bactericidal activity of Bithionol against MRSA MW2 biofilm persister cells, results showed complete eradication within 24 hours.	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Aug 13;116(33):16529-16534.
Primary cortical neurons	0.5, 5, 10, 20, 50 µM	24 hours	To evaluate the toxicity of Bithionol on cortical neurons and its protective effect against Aβ42-induced toxicity. Results showed that Bithionol was not toxic to neurons at tested concentrations and significantly reversed Aβ42-induced toxicity at 5 and 10 μM.	Neurobiol Dis. 2015 Feb;74:144-57.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741	0.3, 1, 10, 50 µM	24 hours	To evaluate the fungicidal activity of Bithionol against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, results showed fungicidal effects at low micromolar concentrations.	mBio. 2016 Aug 2;7(4):e01073-16.
Cryptococcus neoformans H99	0.3, 1, 10, 50 µM	24 hours	To evaluate the fungicidal activity of Bithionol against Cryptococcus neoformans, results showed significant fungicidal effects at low micromolar concentrations.	mBio. 2016 Aug 2;7(4):e01073-16.
MRSA MW2	10 μg/mL	3 hours	To evaluate the bactericidal activity of Bithionol against MRSA MW2, results showed complete eradication within 3 hours.	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Aug 13;116(33):16529-16534.
Mycobacterium abscessus 19977	20 µM	4 days	Screening compounds for antimicrobial activity against M. abscessus, Bithionol showed excellent antibacterial activity	Antibiotics (Basel). 2024 Jun 5;13(6):529.
CV1 monkey kidney cells	30 µM	48 hours	To evaluate the effect of Bithionol on SV40 replication, results showed that Bithionol inhibited viral replication nearly 100-fold	Antiviral Res. 2012 Oct;96(1):70-81.
Mycobacterium abscessus biofilms	128 µg/mL	48 hours	Evaluate the antibiofilm effect of Bithionol, 128 µg/mL could completely eradicate biofilms	Antibiotics (Basel). 2024 Jun 5;13(6):529.
Vero monkey kidney cells	30 µM	5 days	To evaluate the effect of Bithionol on BKV replication, results showed that Bithionol inhibited viral replication by ~70%	Antiviral Res. 2012 Oct;96(1):70-81.
KG-1a, KG-1, Kasumi-1, HL-60 cells	28 µM	72 hours	To evaluate the synergistic effect of bithionol with venetoclax, showing a significant reduction in cell viability.	Cell Death Discov. 2024 Aug 29;10(1):390.
Mycobacterium abscessus clinical isolates	0.625 µM to 2.5 µM		Evaluate the antibacterial activity of Bithionol against different subtypes of M. abscessus	Antibiotics (Basel). 2024 Jun 5;13(6):529.
VRSA VRS1	8, 16, 32 μg/mL		To evaluate the bactericidal activity of Bithionol against VRSA VRS1 persister cells, results showed complete eradication.	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Aug 13;116(33):16529-16534.
SAC KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts	100 µM		To test the effect of Bithionol on tmAC-dependent cAMP formation, results showed that Bithionol did not inhibit tmAC-dependent cAMP accumulation at concentrations up to 100 μM.	J Biol Chem. 2016 Apr 29;291(18):9776-84.
4-4 cells	50 µM and 100 µM		To test the effect of Bithionol on sAC activity in cellular systems, results showed that Bithionol caused a dose-dependent decrease in cAMP formation with essentially complete inhibition of sAC-dependent cAMP accumulation at 100 μM.	J Biol Chem. 2016 Apr 29;291(18):9776-84.

Transgenic mice (mThy1-APPtg)	Alzheimer's disease model	Intraperitoneal injection	10 mg/kg	Daily for 1 month	To evaluate the effects of Bithionol on Aβ deposition, synapse loss, and neuronal damage in APP transgenic mice. Results showed that Bithionol significantly reduced Aβ42 oligomer levels, stabilized diffuse-like plaques, and ameliorated synapse loss, neuronal damage, and astrogliosis.	Neurobiol Dis. 2015 Feb;74:144-57.
Mice	MRSA thigh infection model	Intraperitoneal injection	30 mg/kg	Every 12 hours for 3 days	To evaluate the bactericidal effect of Bithionol in combination with gentamicin against MRSA persister cells, results showed significant reduction in bacterial burden.	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Aug 13;116(33):16529-16534.
NSG mice	KG-1a cell leukemia xenograft model	Intraperitoneally	50 mg/kg	Once daily for two weeks	To evaluate the inhibitory effect of bithionol on AML growth, showing a significant reduction in the percentage of hCD45+ cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood.	Cell Death Discov. 2024 Aug 29;10(1):390.
Mice	Intravenous mouse meningoencephalitis model induced by Cryptococcus neoformans H99	Oral gavage	50 mg/kg	Single dose	To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and anti-Cryptococcus neoformans efficacy of Bithionol in mice, results showed limited drug concentrations in brain tissue and limited therapeutic efficacy.	mBio. 2016 Aug 2;7(4):e01073-16.

Precautionary Statements-General
Code	Phrase
P101	If medical advice is needed,have product container or label at hand.
P102	Keep out of reach of children.
P103	Read label before use
Prevention
Code	Phrase
P201	Obtain special instructions before use.
P202	Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P210	Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking.
P211	Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.
P220	Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials.
P221	Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles
P222	Do not allow contact with air.
P223	Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent reaction and possible flash fire.
P230	Keep wetted
P231	Handle under inert gas.
P232	Protect from moisture.
P233	Keep container tightly closed.
P234	Keep only in original container.
P235	Keep cool
P240	Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
P241	Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment.
P242	Use only non-sparking tools.
P243	Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
P244	Keep reduction valves free from grease and oil.
P250	Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction.
P251	Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use.
P260	Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P261	Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P262	Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
P263	Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing.
P264	Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
P265	Wash skin thouroughly after handling.
P270	Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
P271	Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P272	Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.
P273	Avoid release to the environment.
P280	Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P281	Use personal protective equipment as required.
P282	Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection.
P283	Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing.
P284	Wear respiratory protection.
P285	In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.
P231 + P232	Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture.
P235 + P410	Keep cool. Protect from sunlight.
Response
Code	Phrase
P301	IF SWALLOWED:
P304	IF INHALED:
P305	IF IN EYES:
P306	IF ON CLOTHING:
P307	IF exposed:
P308	IF exposed or concerned:
P309	IF exposed or if you feel unwell:
P310	Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P311	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P312	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P313	Get medical advice/attention.
P314	Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.
P315	Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P320
P302 + P352	IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.
P321
P322
P330	Rinse mouth.
P331	Do NOT induce vomiting.
P332	IF SKIN irritation occurs:
P333	If skin irritation or rash occurs:
P334	Immerse in cool water/wrap n wet bandages.
P335	Brush off loose particles from skin.
P336	Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area.
P337	If eye irritation persists:
P338	Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P340	Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P341	If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P342	If experiencing respiratory symptoms:
P350	Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P351	Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
P352	Wash with plenty of soap and water.
P353	Rinse skin with water/shower.
P360	Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P361	Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
P362	Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
P363	Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
P370	In case of fire:
P371	In case of major fire and large quantities:
P372	Explosion risk in case of fire.
P373	DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
P374	Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.
P376	Stop leak if safe to do so. Oxidising gases (section 2.4) 1
P377	Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely.
P378
P380	Evacuate area.
P381	Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so.
P390	Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P391	Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment
P301 + P310	IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P301 + P312	IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.
P301 + P330 + P331	IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
P302 + P334	IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P302 + P350	IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P303 + P361 + P353	IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower.
P304 + P312	IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P304 + P340	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P304 + P341	IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P305 + P351 + P338	IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P306 + P360	IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P307 + P311	IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P308 + P313	IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.
P309 + P311	IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P332 + P313	IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P333 + P313	IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P335 + P334	Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P337 + P313	IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P342 + P311	IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P370 + P376	In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so.
P370 + P378	In case of fire:
P370 + P380	In case of fire: Evacuate area.
P370 + P380 + P375	In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P371 + P380 + P375	In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
Storage
Code	Phrase
P401
P402	Store in a dry place.
P403	Store in a well-ventilated place.
P404	Store in a closed container.
P405	Store locked up.
P406	Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner.
P407	Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets.
P410	Protect from sunlight.
P411
P412	Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF.
P413
P420	Store away from other materials.
P422
P402 + P404	Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container.
P403 + P233	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
P403 + P235	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
P410 + P403	Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place.
P410 + P412	Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/122oF.
P411 + P235	Keep cool.
Disposal
Code	Phrase
P501	Dispose of contents/container to ...
P502	Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling

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CAS No.: 97-18-7

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CAS No.: 97-18-7

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Physical hazards
Code	Phrase
H200	Unstable explosive
H201	Explosive; mass explosion hazard
H202	Explosive; severe projection hazard
H203	Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard
H204	Fire or projection hazard
H205	May mass explode in fire
H220	Extremely flammable gas
H221	Flammable gas
H222	Extremely flammable aerosol
H223	Flammable aerosol
H224	Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
H225	Highly flammable liquid and vapour
H226	Flammable liquid and vapour
H227	Combustible liquid
H228	Flammable solid
H229	Pressurized container: may burst if heated
H230	May react explosively even in the absence of air
H231	May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature
H240	Heating may cause an explosion
H241	Heating may cause a fire or explosion
H242	Heating may cause a fire
H250	Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air
H251	Self-heating; may catch fire
H252	Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire
H260	In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
H261	In contact with water releases flammable gas
H270	May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer
H271	May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer
H272	May intensify fire; oxidizer
H280	Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated
H281	Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury
H290	May be corrosive to metals
Health hazards
Code	Phrase
H300	Fatal if swallowed
H301	Toxic if swallowed
H302	Harmful if swallowed
H303	May be harmful if swallowed