Cytomegalovirus (CMV), belonging to the family Herpesviridae, is characterized by a large double-stranded DNA genome and an enveloped lipid bilayer containing various glycoproteins. This virus primarily resides in host cells such as salivary glands, blood cells, and other organ cells. CMV manipulates host cell signaling pathways to facilitate its replication and latent infection, thereby affecting cellular functions and immune responses. The specific expression of related genes is crucial for the virus's survival and adaptation to the host environment, while mutations pose challenges for treatment, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.