Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a member of the family Flaviviridae, characterized by a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. Its structure includes a lipid envelope, glycoprotein spikes, core protein, and nonstructural proteins such as protease. HCV primarily localizes within liver cells, causing hepatitis. It participates in various biological responses and signaling pathways through mechanisms involving virus replication, protein processing, and modulation of host cell factors. HCV exhibits high genetic diversity, classified into multiple genotypes and subtypes. This genetic variability promotes the virus's ability to evade host immune responses and antiviral drugs, posing challenges for vaccine development and antiviral treatment strategies.