The topoisomerase family regulates the topological state of DNA by breaking and rejoining DNA double strands. It is divided into four classes: I, II, III, and IV, each containing a specific catalytic core domain. These enzymes are localized in the cell nucleus, sometimes in the cytoplasm, and are crucial for processes such as DNA replication, transcription, repair, and chromosome segregation. Their expression exhibits tissue specificity, playing a key role in regulating gene activity during critical moments. Mutations or dysregulation of their expression are associated with cancer and genetic diseases. They play an indispensable role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular function, making them important targets for anticancer drugs.