The NLR (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor) family is a group of pattern recognition receptors, including members such as NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3. They consist of an N-terminal effector domain, a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NBD), and a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region containing multiple leucine residues, primarily located in the cytoplasm. NLRs participate in recognizing pathogens and damage signals, activating inflammatory responses and immune reactions, and influencing cytokine production by activating downstream signaling pathways such as NF-κB and inflammasomes. The expression of NLRs is tissue-specific, and mutations or dysregulation in their gene expression are associated with various inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease, gout, and autoimmune diseases.