The insulin receptor is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor belonging to the insulin receptor family, with main members including the insulin receptor and the IGF-1 receptor. Its structure consists of two α subunits and two β subunits, where the α subunits are responsible for insulin binding and the β subunits possess tyrosine kinase activity. This receptor is widely distributed in various cells and tissues, primarily involved in regulating the metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins. The insulin receptor activates signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK, affecting cell proliferation, metabolism, and differentiation. Gene expression exhibits tissue specificity, and mutations or abnormal expression are closely associated with diseases such as diabetes and cancer.