Sodium channels are crucial voltage-gated ion channels, comprising nine subtypes (Nav1.1 to Nav1.9), each consisting of four similar domains, with six transmembrane helices in each domain. They are primarily located on the membranes of neurons and muscle cells, regulating the generation and propagation of action potentials, essential for maintaining cell excitability. Sodium channels are involved in various biological responses and signaling pathways including pain perception, touch sensation, and muscle contraction. Gene expression is tissue-specific, and mutations are associated with various diseases such as epilepsy, arrhythmias, and inherited erythromelalgia.