Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are part of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, consisting of 8 subtypes (mGluR1-8), further classified into three groups: I, II, and III. They are widely distributed in the brain, regulating neurotransmission, neuroprotection, and neurodevelopment. mGluRs participate in learning, memory, and pain regulation by modulating ion channels and signaling pathways. Specific gene expression and mutations influence neural function, associated with neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, and other disorders. These receptors are important targets for neuroscience research and drug development.