Protein synthesis is a complex cellular process involving a variety of molecules and structural components, including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and numerous enzymes. This process primarily occurs on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA sequences are transcribed into mRNA; during translation, the mRNA sequence guides the synthesis of specific proteins. Protein synthesis is related to multiple signaling pathways, affecting cell growth, differentiation, and response to external stimuli. Specific gene expression and mutations can affect the protein synthesis process, leading to diseases.