Sirtuins are a class of proteins with NAD+-dependent deacetylase activity, divided into seven family members: SIRT1-SIRT7. Structurally, they share a common catalytic domain. They have different subcellular locations, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria, participating in the regulation of gene expression, DNA repair, cell aging, metabolic control, and stress response signaling pathways. The expression of sirtuins is tissue-specific, and changes in their activity and expression levels are closely associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases. Gene mutations may lead to alterations in their activity, impacting cellular metabolism and lifespan.