Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex primarily composed of the core members, reverse transcriptase TERT and RNA component TERC. It is responsible for maintaining the length of chromosome telomeres. This complex mainly localizes in the cell nucleus, preventing chromosomal shortening by adding repetitive sequences to telomeres, thus participating in the regulation of cellular aging and division. Telomerase shows particularly high expression and activity in stem cells and cancer cells, demonstrating tissue specificity. Alterations in gene mutations or expression levels are closely associated with various diseases, such as cancer and genetic disorders. The regulatory network involves numerous signaling pathways, significantly influencing cell lifespan and stability.