Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key member of the acetylcholine hydrolase family, primarily responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh), terminating neural signal transmission. AChE is composed of a single polypeptide chain and is mainly located at the neuromuscular junction and the presynaptic membranes of cholinergic neurons. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the nervous system, participating in cholinergic signaling pathways and regulating muscle activity and various cognitive functions. The gene expression of AChE is specific to different tissues, and its activity is regulated by multiple factors. Genetic mutations or changes in expression levels are associated with a variety of diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and muscle atrophy.