The Carboxylesterase (carboxylesterase) family is a group of widely distributed enzymes responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of ester compounds, producing alcohol and acid. Family members include CES1, CES2, and CES3, among others, which consist of multiple functional domains and are primarily located in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum. Carboxylesterases play an important role in drug metabolism, lipid metabolism, and detoxification by hydrolyzing various drugs and endogenous ester compounds, affecting the physiological and pathological processes of cells. The expression of carboxylesterase family members is tissue-specific, and mutations or dysregulation in their expression are associated with various diseases, including drug resistance, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases.