Chloride ion channels are a diverse class of proteins responsible for regulating the transport of chloride ions (Cl⁻) across cell membranes, including CFTR, the ClC family, GABA receptors, and glycine receptors, among others. These channels are widely distributed on cell membranes and participate in crucial physiological processes such as maintaining electrolyte balance, regulating cell volume, and transmitting nerve signals. Chloride channels exhibit structural diversity, containing transmembrane regions that control the flow of Cl⁻ ions by opening or closing. Specific gene expression patterns and mutations can lead to various diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CFTR gene mutations) and familial hypertension (ClC family mutations). Dysregulation and dysfunction of chloride ion channels are closely associated with neurological disorders, muscular diseases, and electrolyte imbalances.