DcpS is a key enzyme in the mRNA degradation pathway, primarily responsible for hydrolyzing the cap structure at the end of mRNA molecules. This family includes several homologous enzymes, structurally characterized by a catalytic domain and one or multiple RNA-binding domains, localized in the cytoplasm. DcpS plays a crucial role in the degradation and post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA, affecting mRNA stability and translation efficiency, and participating in a variety of biological responses and signaling pathways. Specific expression and mutations of the gene can affect its function, which is associated with the occurrence of some genetic diseases and cancers.