The Decarboxylase family comprises numerous members such as glutamate decarboxylase, possessing specific cofactor binding regions like pyridoxal phosphate, which are crucial for their active centers. These enzymes exhibit diverse cellular localization, including mitochondria and the cytoplasm, and primarily participate in the decarboxylation reactions of amino acids, influencing neurotransmitter synthesis and release. They play significant roles in various metabolic pathways and signal transduction. Specific gene expression regulates their activity, while gene mutations may lead to functional dysregulation, associated with various diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic abnormalities, highlighting the importance of decarboxylases in organismal health.