Glutamate receptors (GluRs) are the central nervous system's primary excitatory neurotransmitter receptors, comprising three major families: AMPA receptors, NMDA receptors, and Kainate receptors. These receptors are ion channel proteins, made up of four subunits, located on the postsynaptic membranes of neurons, and involved in rapid synaptic transmission. GluRs play a key role in neural plasticity, learning, memory, and the formation of neural networks by regulating ion flow (mainly Ca²⁺ and Na⁺). The expression of genes from each family is tissue-specific, and alterations in their mutation or expression levels are associated with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and mental illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.