G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a class of receptors widely found on the cell membranes of animals, constituting one of the largest families of membrane receptors. They are involved in regulating various physiological processes, including sensory perception, cell proliferation, regulation of the cardiovascular system, and responses to neurotransmitters and hormones. When GPCRs recognize and bind to their specific ligands (such as neurotransmitters, hormones, or other signaling molecules), they undergo a series of conformational changes, activating the G proteins with which they interact. G proteins are heterotrimeric molecules composed of α, β, and γ subunits. Upon ligand binding, GPCRs prompt the separation of the α subunit from the βγ complex. The α subunit and βγ complex then activate or inhibit various downstream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and ion channels.