HMGB (High Mobility Group Box) proteins are a group of nuclear proteins with high mobility, mainly including members such as HMGB1, HMGB2, and HMGB3. They are composed of two HMG box domains and an acidic tail, and are mainly located in the cell nucleus. HMGB proteins are involved in biological processes such as DNA binding, transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, and cell signaling. When cells are damaged or in an inflammatory state, HMGB1 can be released into the extracellular space, acting as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to participate in inflammation and immune regulation. The expression of HMGB proteins is specific in different tissues and cells, and mutations or dysregulation in their gene expression are associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases.