Hydrolases are a widely prevalent class of enzymes that catalyze the reaction of specific compounds with water molecules, leading to the breakdown of those compounds. This family includes lipases, phosphatases, esterases, peptidases, etc., involved in the metabolism of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Hydrolases are distributed both inside and outside cells, for example, those in lysosomes are responsible for decomposing macromolecules from within and outside the cell. They participate in essential biochemical processes such as digestion, signal transduction, energy metabolism, and cell regulation. The specific expression and mutations of hydrolase genes can affect their activity and regulation, potentially leading to metabolic abnormalities and disease onset. Research on hydrolases aids in understanding cellular functions and developing drugs to treat related diseases.