MERS-CoV belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, alongside SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. This enveloped virus comprises major structural proteins including the spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. MERS-CoV primarily recognizes and binds to the host cell's DPP4 receptor through its spike protein, facilitating viral entry. The biological responses involved include inducing apoptosis and activating inflammatory reactions. The virus’s specific gene expression and mutations significantly impact its transmissibility and virulence.