OLIG2 (Oligodendrocyte Lineage Transcription Factor 2) is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor family, primarily expressed in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neural stem cells in the central nervous system. OLIG2 is involved in the development and regeneration of the nervous system by regulating the differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocytes and the development of neurons. Its structure includes a DNA-binding domain, which is used to recognize and bind to the promoter regions of target genes. The specific expression of OLIG2 is regulated by various signaling pathways, such as the Shh and Notch signaling pathways. Mutations or abnormal expression of the OLIG2 gene are associated with various neurological disorders, including brain gliomas and myelination disorders.