Chemistry Phase-Transfer Catalysts

Phase-Transfer Catalysts

Phase-Transfer Catalysts (PTCs) are chemical substances that facilitate the migration of reactants from one phase to another, typically from an aqueous phase to an organic phase. These catalysts play a crucial role in reactions where the reactants are present in different phases and cannot easily interact, such as in liquid-liquid or solid-liquid systems. PTCs are particularly valuable in reactions involving ionic compounds, which are often more soluble in water, and non-polar organic compounds, which tend to be more soluble in organic solvents. By improving the interaction between these phases, PTCs enhance the efficiency and rate of reactions that would otherwise be slow or inefficient without their presence. Common applications of Phase-Transfer Catalysts include nucleophilic substitution reactions, such as the Williamson ether synthesis, where PTCs help facilitate the transfer of anionic nucleophiles from the aqueous phase to the organic phase, enabling the reaction to proceed more effectively. Other significant applications include the synthesis of esters, the preparation of polymers, and in processes like alkylation, acylation, and oxidative coupling reactions. PTCs are generally classified into two categories: organic and inorganic. Organic PTCs are often quaternary ammonium salts, such as tetrabutylammonium bromide, which can transfer anions like halides into organic solvents. Inorganic PTCs, like crown ethers, are used for complexing and transferring metal cations across phases. The use of PTCs is integral in green chemistry, as they can often reduce the need for harsh solvents, enabling more sustainable and efficient.
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Achiral Phase-Transfer Catalysts (61) Chiral Phase-Transfer Catalysts (25)
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(11bS,11bS)-2,6-Di([1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-5'-yl)-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydro-4,4'-spirobi[dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]azepin]-4-ium bromide

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A1517127534570-44-095%

(11bS,11bS)-2,6-Di([1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-5'-yl)-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydro-4,4'-spirobi[dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]azepin]-4-ium bromide

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(R)-2,6-Di([1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-5'-yl)-4,4-dibutyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]azepin-4-ium bromide

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A1517135N/A95%

(R)-2,6-Di([1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-5'-yl)-4,4-dibutyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]azepin-4-ium bromide

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(11bR,11bR)-2,6-Bis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydro-4,4'-spirobi[dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]azepin]-4-ium bromide

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A1517129515137-97-095%

(11bR,11bR)-2,6-Bis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydro-4,4'-spirobi[dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]azepin]-4-ium bromide

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Detail
(11bR,11bR)-2,6-Di([1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-5'-yl)-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydro-4,4'-spirobi[dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]azepin]-4-ium bromide

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A1517128466679-93-695%

(11bR,11bR)-2,6-Di([1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-5'-yl)-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydro-4,4'-spirobi[dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]azepin]-4-ium bromide

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Detail
(11bS)-(-)-4,4-Dibutyl-2,6-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-3H-dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]phosphepinium bromide

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A11751101110711-01-797%

(11bS)-(-)-4,4-Dibutyl-2,6-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-3H-dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]phosphepinium bromide

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Detail
(11bS,11'bS)-2,6-Bis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydro-4,4'-spirobi[dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]azepin]-4-ium bromide

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A1158148438002-03-098%

(11bS,11'bS)-2,6-Bis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydro-4,4'-spirobi[dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]azepin]-4-ium bromide

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