The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway regulates a variety of fundamental life activities including cell growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, and differentiation. When growth factors and other ligands bind to RTKs (Receptor Tyrosine Kinases), RTKs undergo autophosphorylation and activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Activated PI3K converts phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), and PIP3, acting as a second messenger, attracts and activates protein kinase B (Akt). Once activated, Akt can phosphorylate and regulate the activity of multiple downstream target proteins, including but not limited to mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin complex).