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In solid powder X-ray diffraction; |
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In solid byproducts: CO2; equimolar mixt., wet grinding, heating (1200°C); |
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1500 °C, equimol. amts.; |
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A mixture of equal amounts of SrCO3 and TiO2 with 0.002 mol% Nb2O5 was mixed by wet milling (20 h). The mixture was calcinated (1000 °C, 20 h) in air, pressed into discs. The discs were sintered (1450 °C, 3 h), cooled to room temperature.; |
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target sintering (1.2:1 mixture SrCO3:TiO2), thin film preparation by magnetron sputtering target material (5 Pa, substrate temp. 100-650°C, O2 and Ar flow); |
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With air In solid mixing TiO2 and SrCO3 for 24 h with stabilized ZrO2 media and ethanol, calcination at 1200°C for 2 h, ball milling for 24 h, pressing into disks, sintering at 1550°C for 2 h in air; X-ray diffractometry; |
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With air In neat (no solvent) SrCO3 treated in air at 573 K for 1 h; mixt. with small amt. methanol calcined in air at 1173-1573 K for 5-25 h using alumina crucible; detd. by powder XRD; UV spect.; |
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With ethanol In solid precursors mixed with addition of ethanol, precalcined at 900°C for 12 h, calcined at 1100°c for 24 h in alumina crucible in air with intermediate milling; XRD, SEM, HRTEM; |
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In solid combustion of conjugated layers: auxiliary layer Al(12-32 wt%)-Cr2O3, heating temp. of synthesis layer 1650-1700°C, furnace temp. 850-900°C, stock of main layer activated mechanically; |
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In solid solid-state react. at 1373 K for 2 h; |
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In solid solid-state react. of SrCO3 and TiO2 at 1373 K for 2 h, SrTiO3 dried at 333 K overnaight, calcined for 10 h; |
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In melt molten NaCl/KCl (50/50 m/o), 983-1273 K, 1-5 h, air atmosphere; washing (water); scanning electron microscopy; |
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In neat (no solvent) homogenizing annealing (1470 K), heating (air, 1670 K, 2 h); |
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In neat (no solvent) mixt. heating in dense Al2O3 crucible in air at 1200., 1300 and 1350°C for several nights with intermediate grinding, sintering at 1375°C; XRD; |
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In solid TiO2 milled with Sr salt in alc. for 4 h, dried, calcined at 1150°C for 5 h; detd. by XRD, SEM; |
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In neat (no solvent) mixt. ball milled; sintered at 1000°C for 5 h; pressed; sintered at 1400°C for 5 h; XRD; |
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In solid at 1100 °C for 2 h; |
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In solid SrCO3 mixed with TiO2, milled for 4 h, calcined at 975°C for 6 h in air, milled for 16 h; |
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In solid SrCO3 mixed with TiO2, milled for 4 h, sintered at 1350°C for 4, 10, 20 h; |
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In solid SrCO3 mixed with TiO2, milled for 4 h, sintered at 1400°C for 1 h, air quenched or cooled at 10°C/min; |
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With air In water monomer ground in H2O for 12 h in ball mill; dried; calcined at 1100°C for 4 h in air; XRD; |
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In solid ground in distilled water for 24 h in ball mill with agate balls; dried and calcined at 1100°C for 4 h in air; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) powders Pr6O11, SrCO3, TiO2 ball-milled (EtOH) for 10 h; drying at 100°C for 12 h; calcined at 1050°C for 3 h in air; mixed with PVA, compacted into disks; sintered at 1325°C in air for 10 h; |
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With ethanol In neat (no solvent, solid phase) in air; mixed in ethanol in planetary mill, dried, heated at 1200°C for 10 h, reground in planetary ball mill, heated at 1400°C for 5 h, pressed into tablets, sintered at 1600°C for 10 h; |
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In neat (no solvent) prepn. at 1050°C for 2 h; |
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With B2O3 In neat (no solvent, solid phase) solid-state method: stoich. amounts mixed with H2O for 24 h, ground for 10 h(ball mill, agate balls), B2O3 added, mixt. dried, calcined at 1300 °C for 4 h; detd. by XRD; |
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In ethanol SrCO3 and TiO2 were milled in alcohol for 5 h, dried, calcined at 1150°C for 2 h, milled for 5 h, pressed pellets, sintered in air at 1500°C for 5 h with heating and cooling rate 5°C/h; |
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1500 °C, equimol. amts.; |
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In neat (no solvent) tempering 3 d at 650°C; heating 2 d at 800°C and 4 d at 1000°C;; |
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1000 °C, equimol. amts.; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) heat treated at 750, 900, 1200°C with intermediate grinding for 1week; XRD; |
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1270 °C, equimol. amts.; |
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With O2 In neat (no solvent) heating stoichiometric amts. of SrCO3 and TiO2 at 1200°C for 3 d, annealing in O2 (12 h, 900°C); |
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In ethanol SrCO3 and TiO2 powders are blended with ethyl alcohol for 2 h in a plastic bottle, dried, and calcinated at 1000 °C for 1.5 h in an alumina crucible;; detected by X-ray diffraction; optimized sintering conditions; V2O5 and SrO as sintering agents give a well sintered SrTiO3 microstructure with superior densification; V2O5 as a single sintering agent gives a porous microstructure of low density;; |
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With air In neat (no solvent) appropriate amts. of educts were mixed (agate mortar) and heated in air (Al2O3-crucible) at 1200°C for 1 d and 3 times at 1300°C for 3 d each with intermediate regrindings;; if required (incomplete equilibrium), the mixt. was heated at 1390 °C for some days and/or melted by an oxidizing CH4/O2-flame; in both cases the mixt. was additionally annealed at 1300 °C for at least 1 d; XRD;; |
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800-1000°C, 2-5 h; ground in ball mills, pressed into discs; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) calcination of mixt. of titanium compds. in air at 1173 K and then at 1363 K for 10 h; XRD; |
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In water monomer blending in H2O, drying, calcination (1200°C, air, several hours); |
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With air heating in air at 1350°C for 16 h, pelletized, sintered in air at 1350°C, reduced in H2 atmosphere at 1400°C; |
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With H2 In neat (no solvent) mixing of SrCO3 and TiO2 in an agate mortar; calcination at 1350°C; pelletizing; sintering, 1400°C, 15h; reducing under flowing hydrogen, 1350 - 1400°C, 24h;; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) stoich. mixt.; two-stage annealing in air; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) mixt. heated at 1100°C for 15 h, pressed, fired at 1600°Cfor 20 h or at 1300°C for 4 h; |
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mixing (EtOH) for 24 h, calcination at 1300°C for 2 h (Pt crucible), ball milling, pelletizing (1000 kg/cm**2), sintering at 1550-1650°C for 2 h in air; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) mixing SrCO3 and TiO2, calcination, grinding, pressing, sintering (1400°C, 10 h, different pO2); |
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stoich. mixt. grinding (agate mortar, EtOH), heating at 1200°C intwo 4 h stages (intermediate regrinding), pressing (100 MPa), sintering at 1300-1400°C; vac. annealing at 600-1300°C for thermo-emf measurements; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) mixt. heating in air at 1373 K for 12; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) mixing starting powders in ethanol using Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 ball-mill;drying and heating at 1200°C for 10 h in air; repeating this pro cedure twice; pelletizing powders with org. binders at 40 MPa; sinteringin air at 1600°C for 20 h; X-ray diffraction anal.; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) stoich. mixt. suspnd., milled, calcined at 1050.degee.C for 18 h, pressed, sintered at 1380°C for 7 h; XRD; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) SrCO3 and TiO2 mixed in proportion 25:70 at%; heated in Al2O3 crucible below 1300 K in air; XRD; |
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In neat (no solvent) starting materials mixed; homogenized by grinding for 30 min; calcined at 1400°C with intermediate grindings; pressed into pellets; heat treatment at 1500°C for 60 h; furnace cooled; all treatment were carried out in air; |
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In neat (no solvent) heating (air, 1100°C, 24 h), regrinding, heating (1350°C, 24 h), rapid cooling (air, room temp.); |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) stoich. mixt. ball milling (ZrO2 balls and jar, acetone) for 6 h, calcination at 1100°C for 6 h, crushing, ball milling again, pelletizing (60 kN, 2% PVA soln. as binder), sintering at 1300°C for 6 h, crushing, annealing at 600°C; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) calcn. at 1050°C for 10 h in air; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) grinding, pelletizing, calcination (air, 600°C, 12 h), regrinding, pelletizing, sintering (900-1500°C, 12 h), cooling; X-ray diffraction; |
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In neat (no solvent) mixing, milling, calcining (alumina crucible, 1300°C, 6 h), pelletizing, sintering (1500°C, 10 h); powder X-ray diffraction; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) mixed; (air) heated at 1000-1200°C for 48 h; ground; pelletized; XRD; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) mixt. was dried at 600°C, ball milled for 10-16 h in acetone, dried, pressed, calcined at 1100-1350°C in air 24 h, then two milling steps for 15 min, sintered at 1400°C for 5 h in air, ground; XRD; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) TiO2:SrCO3 mixt. in stoich. M ratio grounded in agate mortar; pressed into pellets; twice calcined at 773 K for 24 h/at 1223 K for 24 h and quenched in air; sintered at 1223-1523 K for 24 h; cooled down to room temp.; detd. by powder XRD; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) stoich. amt. of metal oxide and alkaline earth carbonate were ground in agate mortar and pestle using acetone to aid in mixing; preheated in Al crucible at 900°C for 8-12 h; reground; heated to annealing temp.for 12 h; annealed at 1400°C; detn. by X-ray powder diffraction; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) mixt. heated at 1000-1200°C for 48 h (air) with intermediate grindings and pelletization; |
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XRD; |
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In neat (no solvent) prepared from mixture of SrCO3 and TiO2; |
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With NaCl; KCl; acetic acid In melt stoich. mixt. of constituents heating (700°C, corundum crucible, without or with NaCl/KCl melt additives at various ratios), quenching inair; unreacted carbonates removal (treatment with aq. acetic acid); |
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In neat (no solvent) induction melting of stoich. mixt. (high-frequency (5.28 MHz) generator of oscillator power 60 kW, water-cooled copper cold container, directed melt crystn. (zone melting)); |
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In melt heated at 1000°C for 15 h (NaCl/KCl eutectic); washed (water, abs. ethanol), dried (150°C); |
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In melt Electric Arc; mixed by dry and wet mixing; (vac.) melted by light radiation in arc-imaging furnace; took generally 5-15 s from molten state at around 2000°C to solid-state with dark color at around 600°C; cooling rate estimated to more than 100 K/s; |
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In neat (no solvent) melting; crystn. (1500°C); |
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In sodium chloride appropriate quantities of TiO2, SrCO3 and NaCl mixed, heated in air in acrucible at 1000°C for 3 h, cooled quickly to room temp.; washed with water, heated in air at 120°C for 30 h; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) mixt. of TiO2 and SrCO3 ball-milled for 12 h, calcined at 1300°C for 10 h in 5% H2/Ar atm. or in air; ground, pressed into bars at 115 MPa, sintered in air or in 5% H2/Ar atm. at different temp. for 10 h; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) mixt. ground in water for 12 h in ball mill, powder was dried, calcined at 1100°C for 4 h in air; XRD; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) SrCO3 mixed with TiO2, pressed into pellets, calcined at 1100°C for 6 h in air, ground, pressed into pellets, sintered at 1250°C for 4 h in air, cooled; |
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In neat (no solvent) calcined at 1150 °C for 6 h, milled, pressed into pellet, sintered at 1250 °C for 4 h; |
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In ethanol stoich. amt. of SrCO3 and TiO2 powders mixed in ethanol in an agate mortar, dried in vac. (373 K) and calcined at 1273 K for 10 h; XRD, elem. anal.; |
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In neat (no solvent) in air; thoroughly mixed in agate mortar, calcined at 900°C for 25 h, ground, pressed into pellets, sintered several times at 900°C for 60 h with intermediate grinding and pressing, air-quenched; XRD; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) solid state reaction; SrCO3 and TiO2 ball milled in alcohol for 25 h with agate balls; dried; calcined at 1000°C for 2 h in air; pelletized under 50 MPa; sintered at 1350°C for 4 h in air; detn. by XRD; |
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With air In neat (no solvent) ball milled in water for 12 h, dried at 100 .diegree.C calcined at 1250 °C, re-milled for 12 h, pressed into pellets with polyvinyl alcohol, sintered at 1225 - 1350 °C for 4 h in air; powder XRD; |
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solid state synthesis; stoich. mixt. of SrCO3, TiO2 ball milled in EtOH for 5 h; calcined with sequential 12 h firings at 1000, 1300, 1400, and 1500°C with grindings between; pelletized; sintered at 1550°C for 12 h; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) SrCO3, TiO2 mixed, milled in H2O for 24 h, heated at 1100-1250°C for 4 h, mixed with polyvinyl alcohol, pressed into disk at 100 MPa, fired to 600°C at 3°C/min, at 12°C/min to 1375°C for 2 h; monitored by XRD; |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) solid state reaction: compounds mixed in agate mortar in stoich. ratio, heat treated (1400 °C, 5 h, 1450 °C, 5 h) with intermediate grinding, calcined, planetary ball nmilled in liquid medium, 300 rpm, 5 h, calcined (1500 °C, 5 h); pressed into pellets, sintered at 1550 °C for 5 h; |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide for 6h; Milling;
Stage #2: at 1300℃; for 4h; Calcination; |
In the case of pure SrTiO3, starting powders were milled for 6 h prior to drying and calcining. |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) |
2. Experimental procedure
General procedure: The NBT-xST thick films were fabricated by the screen printing method. By conditional solid-state reaction method, NBT and ST powders were firstly synthesized, respectively. The commercially available reagent grade sodium carbonates (Na2-CO3), bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), strontium carbonate (SrCO3) and titanate oxide(TiO2) were selected as raw materials. To compensate the loss of Bi and Na during sintering, an extra amount of 2 mol% Na and 5 mol% Bi were added. These two kinds of powders were pestled in agate mortar with alcohol for 4 h to thread a screen of300 meshes. Then, the well prepared NBT and ST powders were weighed and pestled in agate mortar with alcohol for 4 h to obtain homogeneous mixed powders. |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide With (ammonium polyacrylate In neat (no solvent, solid phase) at 120℃;
Stage #2: In neat (no solvent, solid phase) at 1200℃; for 48h;
Stage #3: In neat (no solvent, solid phase) at 1400℃; for 24h; |
SrCO3 powder was heated at 600 C, whereas CeO2 and TiO2 powders were heated at 900 C for 1 h. The powder mixtures were then ball milled in ethanol and 2 wt.% dispersant (ammonium polyacrylate) for 24 h. The ball-milled ceramic slurries were dried at 120 C. The resultant agglomerated powders were ground. Powders were then calcined at 1200 C for 48 h in air followed by ball milling for 24 h in ethanol and drying at 120 C. Calcined powders were uniaxially pressed and then sintered at 1400 C for 24 h in air |
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at 1000℃; |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide Milling;
Stage #2: at 999.84℃; for 20h; Calcination; |
2.1. Preparation of photocatalysts
Four kinds of SrTiO3were used in this study. SrTiO3(A) was pre-pared by polymerizable complex method (PC method). The SrCO3,Titanium isopropoxide, citric acid and ethylene glycohol (Wakopure chemical), where the contents of Sr and Ti ion were in themolar ratio of 1 to 1 were dissolved in methanol to prepare the Srand Ti citrate-ethylene glycol mixed solution. The polymerizationof the citrate with ethylene glycol was performed under reflux at458 K for 2 h to obtain the polymer precursor. The pyrolysis of thepolymer precursor was carried out at 623 K for 12 h in air to obtainthe oxide precursor and finally the oxide precursor was calcined at1273 K for 10 h to prepare SrTiO3(A). SrTiO3(B) and SrTiO3(C) werecommercially available (SrTiO3(B) (Wako pure chemical; 99.9%)and SrTiO3(C) (High Purity Chemical; 99%)). SrTiO3(D) was pre-pared by solid-state reaction between SrCO3(Wako pure chemical)and TiO2(Aerosil P-25). The equal molar of SrCO3and TiO2(AerosilP-25) were mechanically grinding in an agate mortar to obtain theprecursor. The precursor was calcined in air at 1273 K for 20 h toprepare SrTiO3(D). |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide In neat (no solvent) for 12h; Milling;
Stage #2: With air In neat (no solvent, solid phase) at 1150℃; for 4h; |
The (1-x)ST-xBNKTZS (x=0.0-0.5) ceramics were designed and fabricated using the conventional solid-state sintering method. The first stage of fabrication was the synthesis of ST and BNKTZS, respectively. SrCO3 (>99.0%) and TiO2 (>99.8%) were used as initial powders for ST. These powders were weighed according to the nominal composition of ST and mixed for 12 h by ball milling in alcohol. After drying, the mixed powders were calcined at 1150°C for 4 h in air, and then milled in alcohol for 12 h again. |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide In ethanol for 12h; Milling;
Stage #2: at 1150℃; for 4h; Calcination;
Stage #3: In ethanol for 2h; Milling; |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide With barium carbonate In acetone at 1050℃;
Stage #2: at 1100℃; for 48h;
Stage #3: at 1400℃; for 6h; |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide With manganese(IV) oxide; lanthanum(III) oxide; bismuth(III) oxide at 860℃; for 5h; Calcination;
Stage #2: at 960℃; for 5h; |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide In neat (no solvent) for 24h; Milling;
Stage #2: In neat (no solvent, solid phase) at 1150℃; for 3h; Calcination; |
General procedure: According to their stoichiometric formula, raw materials for ST, NBT and BT were mixed in planetary ball mill using zirconia balls for 24 h, respectively. After being milled and dried, the dried slurries for ST, NBT and BT synthesis was calcined at 1150 C for 3 h, 800 C for 4 h and 1150 C for 3 h, respectively. |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide In ethanol Milling;
Stage #2: With air at 1100℃; for 5h; Calcination; |
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at 1000℃; for 6h; Calcination; |
2.1. Synthesis of materials
General procedure: The fine raw powders Strontium carbonate (SrCO3), titanium dioxide(TiO2) and cadmium oxide (CdO) of AR reagent grade were used toproduce Sr1-x Cdx TiO3 via solid state technique with the ratio of x (0,0.01, 0.03, 0.05). As stated by the stoichiometric quantity with various xvalues of Cd doped STO were pre-heated at 200 C for 1 h. In an agatemortar the powders were ground nicely using acetone as solvent for an hour, then dried at 400 C for 6 h and calcined at 1000 C for 6 h. Thenthe samples were given for various characterizations. |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide With potassium hydroxide In water monomer at 180℃; for 24h; Autoclave; High pressure;
Stage #2: at 400℃; for 4h; |
General procedure: To study the influence of strontium on the physico-chemicalproperties of lead titanate (PbTiO3), a series of powders of compositionPb1-xSrxTiO3 was studied. The synthesis of Pb1-xSrxTiO3compounds by the hydrothermal process was carried out inthe form of powders from the precursors PbO, SrCO3 andTiO2 which were taken in stoichiometric amounts, the mixturewas grounded for 1 h in a porcelain mortar. A 10 mL KOH(10 M) was added to these precursors mixed with distilled water.The heterogeneous solution obtained was stirred for 1 h andthe mixture was placed in an autoclave filled to 80 % of itsvolume.The whole system undergoes a treatment at 180 C for 24h, with a rise of 5 C/min, and a descent to the furnace inertia.The product was washed with distilled water until it is neutral,then dried in an oven (80 C) for 24 h. The powder obtainedwas then treated at 400 C for 4 h. The powders were recoveredand undergo another grinding for 30 min. Fig. 1 representsdifferent stages of development of Pb1-xSrxTiO3 phases byhydrothermal route. |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide for 0.5h; Milling;
Stage #2: In neat (no solvent, solid phase) at 1100℃; for 12h; Calcination; Further stages; |
General procedure: Eight compositions in the system Ca(Ti1-xFex)O3-x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45) and eleven compositions in the system Sr(Ti1-xFex)O3-x/2 (x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45) were synthesized via the solid-state mixed-oxide route. Stoichiometric amounts of SrCO3 (99.9%,Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), CaCO3 (99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), TiO2 (99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and Fe2O3 (99%, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were ball-milled in a planetary mill with yttria-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) media using ethanol in a YSZ jar at 250 revolutions per minute for 30 min. Powders were then dried overnight in an atmospheric drying oven at ~75 °C until all the ethanol had evaporated. The dried powders were then uniaxially pressed into pellets which were then calcined at 1100 °C in air for 12 h in an open boat. After calcination, the pellets were pulverized using an agate mortar and pestle and ball-milled again in a planetary mill with YSZ media using ethanol in a YSZ jar at 250 revolutions per minute for 30 min. The mixture was then dried overnight in an atmospheric drying oven at ~75 °C until all the ethanol had evaporated. Again, the dried powders were uniaxially pressed into pellets before being sintered at 1400 °C for 12 h in air, after which the samples were allowed to cool to room temperature slowly inside the furnace. |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide In ethanol at 20℃; Milling;
Stage #2: at 1299.84℃; for 24h; Calcination;
Stage #3: at 1499.84℃; for 120h; |
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Stage #1: strontium(II) carbonate; titanium(IV) dioxide for 24h; Milling;
Stage #2: In neat (no solvent, solid phase) at 1200℃; for 8h; Calcination; |
General procedure: Conventional mixed oxide reaction technique was utilized to synthesize Ba(1-x)SrxTiO3, where, x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 (henceforth indicated as BT, BST20, BST40, BST60, BST80 and ST, respectively). In a typical synthesis procedure, the raw materials were first taken in stoichiometric proportion and mixed together. The mixture was then ball milled (inside a Teflon bottle) in acetone medium (15ml) for 24h at 200rpm using zirconia balls of different size. The resulting semi liquid mixture was dried in an oven at 90°C for 24h. By varying the stoichiometric amount of the raw materials corresponding to the value of ‘x′, all the mixtures were prepared by following the same technique. Then the dried powders were calcined at 1200°C for 8h with the heating rate of 2°C/min. |
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In neat (no solvent, solid phase) at 500 - 1000℃; for 17h; |
General procedure: Various Eu3+ and Tb3+ doped SrTiO3 compounds were synthesized by solid-state reaction method using appropriate amount of SrCO3, Eu2O3, Tb2O3 and TiO2. At first the precursor materials were taken with appropriate amount followed by mixing and grinding in an agate mortar. The mixtures were then pelletized into 10 mm diameter pellets separately and kept for heating inside a furnace in a stepwise manner such as at 500°C for 2 h, 700°C for 3 h and finally 1000°C for 12 h without any interruption. Once the final heat treatment is completed, the solid products was left for cooling down and then ground well in an agate mortar and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction technique. Both pure SrTiO3 and various Tb3+ and Eu3+ doped samples such as 0.5 mol% Eu3+ doped SrTiO3 (hereinafter Eu0.5: STO) and 0.5 mol% Eu3+ and 0.5 mol% Tb3+ doped SrTiO3 (hereinafter Eu0.5Tb0.5: STO) were prepared using the solid-state reaction method. |
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