Proton pumps, including H+/K+-ATPase and V-ATPase, are transmembrane proteins that transport H+ across cell membranes by consuming ATP. H+/K+-ATPase mainly functions in gastric mucosal cells, secreting gastric acid and regulating gastric pH, while V-ATPase is widely distributed in organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes, participating in the regulation of intracellular pH and various metabolic processes. The activity and expression of these pumps are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, metabolic activities, and signal transduction. Specific gene expression variations or mutations may lead to digestive system disorders, metabolic abnormalities, and other issues. The regulation and dysfunction of proton pumps are associated with various diseases, making them important drug targets.