Protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) are a large group of enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins, divided into receptor and non-receptor types. PTKs are located on the cell membrane or inside the cell, crucially involved in signaling pathways related to cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. These kinases activate or inhibit downstream signaling by specifically phosphorylating certain substrates, affecting cell behavior. The gene expression of PTK family members is specific, with mutations often leading to dysregulation of signaling pathways, closely associated with various diseases such as cancer, metabolic diseases, and immune system disorders.