SHP2 (Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase) is a member of the non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase family, containing two SH2 domains and one phosphatase catalytic domain. SHP2 is widely expressed in various cells and tissues, regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. By participating in multiple signaling pathways such as Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt, SHP2 plays crucial roles in embryonic development, cell signaling, and immune responses. Mutations in the SHP2 gene are associated with various diseases, including congenital heart disease, tumors, and genetic disorders such as Noonan syndrome. Its abnormal activation or inhibition plays a key role in the occurrence and development of diseases, making it a potential target for therapy.