Tau protein is a microtubule-stabilizing protein encoded by a single MAPT gene, which forms six main isoforms through alternative splicing. Tau is primarily localized in the axons of neurons, where its function is to promote microtubule assembly and stabilize the microtubule network, which is crucial for maintaining neuronal structure and function. Abnormal phosphorylation of Tau can lead to its detachment from microtubules, resulting in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, which are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The specific expression and mutations of the MAPT gene are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases, such as progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, Tau protein and its phosphorylation status are important targets for neuroscience research and drug development.