Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) belongs to the genus Tobamovirus and is a single-stranded RNA virus with a rod-shaped structure. Within host cells, TMV localizes near the chloroplasts, disrupting normal photosynthesis and other biological processes. TMV induces specific gene expression by affecting plant signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting the host's defense mechanisms. The virus's RNA genome is prone to mutations, resulting in high genetic diversity and adaptability. TMV infection can cause symptoms such as mosaic patterns on leaves, severely affecting plant growth and yield.