The vasopressin receptor family, including V1A, V1B, and V2 receptors, belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) class. V1A receptors are widely distributed in vascular smooth muscle and the brain, regulating vasoconstriction and social memory; V1B receptors are primarily found in the brain and pituitary gland, influencing stress responses and ACTH release; V2 receptors are located in the renal collecting duct, responsible for regulating water reabsorption and maintaining fluid balance. These receptors, through activation of signaling pathways such as cAMP, IP3/DAG, participate in electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, and behavioral responses. Specific expression and functional mutations of receptor genes are associated with various diseases including diabetes insipidus, cardiovascular disorders, and behavioral disorders.