The DYRK (Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase) family includes members such as DYRK1A, DYRK1B, DYRK2, DYRK3, and DYRK4, each possessing a kinase domain capable of catalyzing phosphorylation of both tyrosine and serine/threonine residues on themselves and substrates. These kinases are expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm, participating in cell cycle regulation, cell growth, differentiation, and stress response. The DYRK family regulates neurodevelopment, cellular metabolism, and cell death by influencing signaling pathways such as Wnt and Notch. Overexpression of DYRK1A is associated with cognitive impairment in Down syndrome patients. The specific gene expression and potential mutations of DYRK family kinases are implicated in the occurrence and development of various diseases, making them emerging drug targets.