Microtubules are essential components of the cellular cytoskeleton, forming tubular structures through the alternate arrangement of α- and β-tubulin subunits. Widely distributed in the cytoplasm, they play a crucial role in various biological processes, including maintaining cellular morphology, facilitating substance transport, and participating in cell division. The dynamic assembly and disassembly of microtubules are regulated by various proteins such as Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAPs), kinesin, and dynein. The organization and functions of the microtubule network exhibit specificity in different cell types and tissues. Mutations in the genes encoding microtubule proteins may lead to abnormal cell division, neurodegenerative diseases, and developmental disorders, highlighting the central role of microtubules in cellular physiology and pathology.