Molecular conductors are conductive materials based on organic molecules or metal complexes, whose charge transport mechanisms rely on intramolecular π-conjugation and intermolecular interactions. They form electron delocalization channels through ordered molecular arrangements. Typical examples include polythiophene derivatives, phthalocyanine complexes, and carbon-based nanostructures. Compared with inorganic semiconductors, these materials offer advantages such as solution processability, structural designability, and mechanical flexibility, making them well-suited for flexible electronics, organic photovoltaics, and molecular sensors. The electrical properties of molecular conductors are strongly dependent on their molecular packing modes and the presence of lattice defects. Experimental studies have shown that introducing alkyl side chains or polar groups can improve solubility and thin-film morphology, while self-assembly techniques enable the formation of orientationally ordered molecular films. Current research focuses on developing n-type molecular conductors with high mobility (>10 cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹), enhancing environmental and operational stability, and investigating quantum-coherent transport phenomena.