Phosphatases comprise a large class of enzymes responsible for catalyzing dephosphorylation reactions, thereby regulating the functions of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other molecules. They are divided into multiple families, including protein tyrosine phosphatases, serine/threonine phosphatases, among others, each possessing diverse structural domains and regulatory mechanisms. These enzymes are widely distributed both intra- and extracellularly, participating in crucial biological processes such as cell signaling, metabolic regulation, and cell cycle control. Specific expression and activity regulation are essential for maintaining physiological balance. Mutations or dysregulation in gene expression are closely associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases such as cancer, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative disorders.