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CAS No. :	83-46-5
Formula :	C₂₉H₅₀O
M.W :	414.71
SMILES Code :	CC[C@@H](C(C)C)CC[C@@H](C)[C@H]1CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CC=C4C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C
Synonyms :	β-Sitosterol; 22,23-Dihydrostigmasterol; (-)-beta-Sitosterol, 22,23-Dihydrostigmasterol, 24-alpha-Ethylcholesterol, AI3-26020, alpha-Dihydrofucosterol, Angelicin, Azuprostat, beta-Sitosterol, CCRIS 5529, Cinchol, Cupreol, Harzol, Nimbosterol, Prostasal, Quebrachol, Rhamnol, Triastonal
MDL No. :	MFCD00003631
InChI Key :	KZJWDPNRJALLNS-VJSFXXLFSA-N
Pubchem ID :	222284

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:	Warning
Hazard Statements:	H302-H315-H319
Precautionary Statements:	P201-P261-P304+P340+P312-P305+P351+P338-P308+P313-P403+P233

Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs)	5, 25, 50 µM	1 day	To investigate the effect of BS on macrophage polarization. Results showed that BS significantly repressed M1 polarization and augmented M2 polarization. In 25 μM BS-treated M1-polarized BMDMs, the expression of iNOS, IL-1β, CD86, and MHCII was reduced by 50.2%, 47.1%, 87.1%, and 31.3%, respectively, while in 25 μM BS-treated M2-polarized BMDMs, the expression of arginase-1, IL-10, CD163, and CD206 was increased by 65.6%, 107.4%, 23.5%, and 51.3%, respectively.	Pharm Biol. 2019 Dec;57(1):161-168
CHO-CCK1R-W166A cells	100 µM	15 minutes	To study the effect of β-sitosterol on CCK1R W166A mutant, results showed that 100 μM β-sitosterol had no effect on CCK signaling.	Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;35(6):1374-1379
CHO-CCK1R-Y237A cells	100 µM	15 minutes	To study the effect of β-sitosterol on CCK1R Y237A mutant, results showed that 100 μM β-sitosterol had no effect on CCK signaling.	Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;35(6):1374-1379
CHO-CCK1R-Y140A cells	100 µM	15 minutes	To study the effect of β-sitosterol on CCK1R Y140A mutant, results showed that 100 μM β-sitosterol had no effect on CCK signaling.	Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;35(6):1374-1379
CHO-CCK2R cells	100 µM	15 minutes	To study the effect of β-sitosterol on CCK2R function, results showed that 100 μM β-sitosterol had no significant impact on CCK2R function.	Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;35(6):1374-1379
SRD15-CCK1R cells	100 µM	15 minutes	To study the effect of β-sitosterol on CCK1R signaling in a high cholesterol environment, results showed that 100 μM and 10 μM β-sitosterol significantly improved the defective signaling of CCK1R.	Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;35(6):1374-1379
CHO-CCK1R cells	100 µM	15 minutes	To study the effect of β-sitosterol on CCK1R signaling in a high cholesterol environment, results showed that 100 μM and 10 μM β-sitosterol significantly improved the defective signaling of CCK1R.	Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;35(6):1374-1379
CuFi-1 cells	100 nM	16 hours	Β-Sitosterol significantly inhibited P. aeruginosa-induced expression of IL-8, GRO-α, and GRO-β	Front Pharmacol. 2017 May 12;8:236
IB3-1 cells	100 nM	16 hours	Β-Sitosterol significantly inhibited P. aeruginosa-induced expression of IL-8, GRO-α, and GRO-β	Front Pharmacol. 2017 May 12;8:236
HEK293 cells	150–450 μg/mL	24 hours	Inhibited TNF-α or IAV-induced NF-κB activation	Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2020 Sep;41(9):1178-1196
A549 cells	150–450 μg/mL	24 hours	Suppressed inflammatory response in IAV-infected cells via NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines	Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2020 Sep;41(9):1178-1196
Bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T)	1 µM	24 hours	Β-Sitosterol significantly reduced LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, while increasing the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and activating the HIF-1α/mTOR signaling pathway to inhibit apoptosis and improve lipid synthesis-related gene expression	Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Sep 27;24(19):14644
293 T cells	5 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL	24, 48, 72 hours	No significant effect on cell viability	Hum Cell. 2024 Jul;37(4):1156-1169.
HCCLM3 cells	5 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL	24, 48, 72 hours	Inhibited cell viability and proliferation	Hum Cell. 2024 Jul;37(4):1156-1169.
Huh-7 cells	5 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL	24, 48, 72 hours	Inhibited cell viability and proliferation	Hum Cell. 2024 Jul;37(4):1156-1169.
U87 cells	0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 µM	24, 48, 72 hours	Β-Sitosterol significantly inhibited the proliferation and viability of U87 cells, with IC50 values of 35.82 μM at 24 h, 31.75 μM at 48 h, and 9.43 μM at 72 h.	Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2024 Feb 25;56(2):223-238
MDCK cells	0.975 µg/mL	3 days	Evaluate the in vitro antiviral activity of β-Sitosterol against A/H1N1 virus, showing significant antiviral effects	Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Jan 19;11(2):228
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs)	5, 10, 20 µM	30 minutes	Inhibited oxLDL-induced lipid deposition and phenotypic transformation in VSMCs	Heliyon. 2024 Aug 2;10(15):e35639
C2C12 myotubes	0.5 mM	48 hours	To evaluate the protective effect of β-sitosterol on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. Results showed that β-sitosterol increased myotube width, restored the fusion index, and reduced the expression of MAFbx and MuRF1.	Nutrients. 2022 Jul 14;14(14):2894
Huh7 cells	8.71±0.21 µg/mL (IC50)	48 hours	Β-Sitosterol significantly reduced Huh7 cell viability and induced apoptosis via caspase pathway activation	Molecules. 2020 Jul 2;25(13):3021
HepG2 cells	6.85±0.61 µg/mL (IC50)	48 hours	Β-Sitosterol inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, induced apoptosis and activated caspase-3 and -9	Molecules. 2020 Jul 2;25(13):3021

ICR mice	Depression model (TST and FST)	Intraperitoneal injection	0.1–100 mg/kg	Single administration, tested after 60 minutes	To evaluate the antidepressant effects of β-sitosterol and its derivatives. Results showed that Sit-S (4 mg/kg) exhibited the strongest antidepressant-like activity in the TST, mediated by the 5-HT, DA, and GABAergic systems.	RSC Adv. 2018 Jan 2;8(2):671-680
Mice	High-fat western-style diet-induced NAFLD model	Dietary intake	0.4% diet	17 weeks	To investigate the effects of β-sitosterol on alleviating HFWD-induced NAFLD. Results showed that β-sitosterol significantly ameliorated HFWD-induced fatty liver and metabolic abnormalities, including decreased levels of hepatic total lipids, triacylglycerols, cholesterol and improved liver histopathology.	Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2018 Oct;1863(10):1274-1284
C57BL/6J male mice	DSS-induced colitis model	Dietary addition	0.4% dietary addition	After 1 week of feeding, treated with 1.5% DSS in drinking water for 5 days	Β-Sitosterol significantly inhibited colon shortening, lowered fecal hemoglobin contents, and reduced the severity of colitis in the middle and distal colon.	Food Funct. 2017 Nov 15;8(11):4179-4186
Adult male Wistar rats	Nitroglycerin-induced migraine model	Intraperitoneal injection	10 mg/kg	Daily for 10 days	Β-Sitosterol significantly improved anxiety behaviors in migraine-induced rats by alleviating oxidative/nitrosative stress and enhancing mitochondrial function.	CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024 Sep;30(9):e14892
Mice	Anxiety model	Intraperitoneal injection and oral gavage	100 mg/kg	1 hour before testing	Β-Sitosterol shows anxiolytic effects when administered alone and in combination with the SSRI fluoxetine	Cell Rep Med. 2021 May 18;2(5):100281
Wistar rats	Trypanosoma congolense infection model	Oral	15 and 30 mg/kg	Daily administration for 14 days	Β-Sitosterol significantly reduced parasitemia, ameliorated parasite-induced anemia, and significantly down-regulated the expression of TconTS1 gene.	Front Microbiol. 2023 Sep 27;14:1282257
C57BL/6 mice	70% hepatectomy model	Dietary supplementation	20 mg/kg/day	Once daily until 72 hours post-surgery	To verify the promoting effect of β-sitosterol diet on liver regeneration, results showed that β-sitosterol significantly enhanced liver regeneration rate and accelerated TRAS resolution.	Int J Nanomedicine. 2024 Aug 8;19:8117-8137
C57BL/6 mice	Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model	Intraperitoneal injection	20 or 50 mg/kg	Every 2 days until the end of the experiment	To evaluate the therapeutic effect of BS on CIA. Results showed that BS treatment significantly alleviated ankle swelling (vehicle group: 3.13 ± 0.102 mm; 20 mg/kg BS group: 2.64 ± 0.043 mm; 50 mg/kg BS group: 2.36 ± 0.084 mm), reduced the levels of collagen-specific antibodies (IgG and IgG1, but not IgG2c, p<0.05) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (p<0.05), and increased the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.	Pharm Biol. 2019 Dec;57(1):161-168
C57BL/6 mice	Dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy model	Oral	200 mg/kg	Once daily for 3 weeks	To evaluate the protective effect of β-sitosterol on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. Results showed that β-sitosterol protected mice from muscle mass loss, increased the thickness of gastrocnemius muscle fibers, restored grip strength and creatine kinase activity, and reduced the expression of MAFbx and MuRF1.	Nutrients. 2022 Jul 14;14(14):2894
ApoE−/− mice	High-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis model	Oral	25, 50, 100 mg/kg	Once daily for 1 month	Β-Sitosterol alleviates atherosclerosis by regulating CAT and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway	Heliyon. 2024 Aug 2;10(15):e35639
Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)	White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection model	Intraperitoneal injection	50 mg/kg	Single injection, observed up to 72 hours	Β-Sitosterol significantly inhibited WSSV replication, reduced viral gene transcription levels, and increased the survival rate of infected crayfish (57.14%).	Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 9;23(18):10448
BALB/c mice	Influenza A virus-induced acute lung injury model	Intragastric	50, 200 mg/kg/day	Once daily for 2 days	Ameliorated IAV-mediated recruitment of pathogenic cytotoxic T cells and immune dysregulation, protected mice from lethal IAV infection	Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2020 Sep;41(9):1178-1196
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)	CuSO4-induced inflammation model	Immersion	70 or 100 μg/mL	Pretreatment for 1 h followed by exposure to CuSO4 for 20 min or 1 h	Β-Sitosterol significantly reduced CuSO4-induced oxidative stress, upregulated the expressions of sod and gpx4b, and inhibited neutrophil migration and the expressions of inflammatory genes il-8 and myd88.	Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Feb 6;12(2):391
C57BL/6 mice	U87 xenograft nude mouse model	Intraperitoneal injection	80 mg/kg	Once daily for 28 days	Β-Sitosterol significantly inhibited tumor growth, reducing the average tumor size from 1282.164±221.869 mm3 in the control group to 113.126±81.405 mm3 in the β-sitosterol group, and the mean tumor weight from 0.899±0.180 g to 0.054±0.033 g.	Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2024 Feb 25;56(2):223-238
C57BL/6 mice	S. pneumoniae infection model	Subcutaneous injection	80 mg/kg	Treatment started 1 hour after infection, every 4 hours for 48 hours	To evaluate the protective effect of β-sitosterol against S. pneumoniae infection, results showed that β-sitosterol significantly reduced mortality and alleviated pulmonary inflammation in mice.	Sci Rep. 2015 Dec 3;5:17668

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CAS No.: 83-46-5

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CAS No.: 83-46-5

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Product Details of β-Sitosterol

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Precautionary Statements-General

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Response

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Preparing Stock Solutions		1mg	5mg	10mg
Preparing Stock Solutions	1 mM 5 mM 10 mM	2.41mL 0.48mL 0.24mL	12.06mL 2.41mL 1.21mL	24.11mL 4.82mL 2.41mL
Dissolving Methods	Animal experiment The prepared working fluid is recommended to be prepared now and used up as soon as possible in a short period of time. The percentage shown in front of the following solvent refers to the volume ratio of the solvent in the final solution; If precipitation or precipitation occurs in the preparation process, it can be assisted by heating and/or ultrasound. Protocol 1

Precautionary Statements-General
Code	Phrase
P101	If medical advice is needed,have product container or label at hand.
P102	Keep out of reach of children.
P103	Read label before use
Prevention
Code	Phrase
P201	Obtain special instructions before use.
P202	Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P210	Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking.
P211	Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.
P220	Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials.
P221	Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles
P222	Do not allow contact with air.
P223	Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent reaction and possible flash fire.
P230	Keep wetted
P231	Handle under inert gas.
P232	Protect from moisture.
P233	Keep container tightly closed.
P234	Keep only in original container.
P235	Keep cool
P240	Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
P241	Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment.
P242	Use only non-sparking tools.
P243	Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
P244	Keep reduction valves free from grease and oil.
P250	Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction.
P251	Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use.
P260	Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P261	Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P262	Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
P263	Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing.
P264	Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
P265	Wash skin thouroughly after handling.
P270	Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
P271	Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P272	Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.
P273	Avoid release to the environment.
P280	Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P281	Use personal protective equipment as required.
P282	Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection.
P283	Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing.
P284	Wear respiratory protection.
P285	In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.
P231 + P232	Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture.
P235 + P410	Keep cool. Protect from sunlight.
Response
Code	Phrase
P301	IF SWALLOWED:
P304	IF INHALED:
P305	IF IN EYES:
P306	IF ON CLOTHING:
P307	IF exposed:
P308	IF exposed or concerned:
P309	IF exposed or if you feel unwell:
P310	Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P311	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P312	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P313	Get medical advice/attention.
P314	Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.
P315	Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P320
P302 + P352	IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.
P321
P322
P330	Rinse mouth.
P331	Do NOT induce vomiting.
P332	IF SKIN irritation occurs:
P333	If skin irritation or rash occurs:
P334	Immerse in cool water/wrap n wet bandages.
P335	Brush off loose particles from skin.
P336	Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area.
P337	If eye irritation persists:
P338	Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P340	Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P341	If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P342	If experiencing respiratory symptoms:
P350	Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P351	Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
P352	Wash with plenty of soap and water.
P353	Rinse skin with water/shower.
P360	Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P361	Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
P362	Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
P363	Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
P370	In case of fire:
P371	In case of major fire and large quantities:
P372	Explosion risk in case of fire.
P373	DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
P374	Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.
P376	Stop leak if safe to do so. Oxidising gases (section 2.4) 1
P377	Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely.
P378
P380	Evacuate area.
P381	Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so.
P390	Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P391	Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment
P301 + P310	IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P301 + P312	IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.
P301 + P330 + P331	IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
P302 + P334	IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P302 + P350	IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P303 + P361 + P353	IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower.
P304 + P312	IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P304 + P340	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P304 + P341	IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P305 + P351 + P338	IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P306 + P360	IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P307 + P311	IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P308 + P313	IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.
P309 + P311	IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P332 + P313	IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P333 + P313	IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P335 + P334	Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P337 + P313	IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P342 + P311	IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P370 + P376	In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so.
P370 + P378	In case of fire:
P370 + P380	In case of fire: Evacuate area.
P370 + P380 + P375	In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P371 + P380 + P375	In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
Storage
Code	Phrase
P401
P402	Store in a dry place.
P403	Store in a well-ventilated place.
P404	Store in a closed container.
P405	Store locked up.
P406	Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner.
P407	Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets.
P410	Protect from sunlight.
P411
P412	Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF.
P413
P420	Store away from other materials.
P422
P402 + P404	Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container.
P403 + P233	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
P403 + P235	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
P410 + P403	Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place.
P410 + P412	Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/122oF.
P411 + P235	Keep cool.
Disposal
Code	Phrase
P501	Dispose of contents/container to ...
P502	Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling

Physical hazards
Code	Phrase
H200	Unstable explosive
H201	Explosive; mass explosion hazard
H202	Explosive; severe projection hazard
H203	Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard
H204	Fire or projection hazard
H205	May mass explode in fire
H220	Extremely flammable gas
H221	Flammable gas
H222	Extremely flammable aerosol
H223	Flammable aerosol
H224	Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
H225	Highly flammable liquid and vapour
H226	Flammable liquid and vapour
H227	Combustible liquid
H228	Flammable solid
H229	Pressurized container: may burst if heated
H230	May react explosively even in the absence of air
H231	May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature
H240	Heating may cause an explosion
H241	Heating may cause a fire or explosion
H242	Heating may cause a fire
H250	Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air
H251	Self-heating; may catch fire
H252	Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire
H260	In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
H261	In contact with water releases flammable gas
H270	May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer
H271	May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer
H272	May intensify fire; oxidizer
H280	Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated
H281	Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury
H290	May be corrosive to metals
Health hazards
Code	Phrase
H300	Fatal if swallowed
H301	Toxic if swallowed
H302	Harmful if swallowed
H303	May be harmful if swallowed