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Chemical Structure| 15086-94-9 Chemical Structure| 15086-94-9
Chemical Structure| 15086-94-9

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Synonyms: Acid Red 87 free base

4.5 *For Research Use Only !

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Lu, Yen-Chu ; Adukure, Ronald D ; Roy, Satyajit ; Chien, Derek L ; McGill, Matthew J ; Polara, Sarthi , et al.

Abstract: Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) constitutes a powerful mechanism exploited in biology and chemistry to functionalize ubiquitous C(sp3)−H bonds in organic molecules. Despite its synthetic potential, achieving stereocontrol in chemical HAT-mediated C−H functionalization transformations remains challenging. By merging the radical reactivity of thiamine (ThDP)-dependent enzymes with chemical hydrogen atom transfer, we report here a photobiocatalytic strategy for the enantioselective C(sp3)−H acylation of an organic substrate, a transformation not found in nature nor currently attainable by chemical means. This method enables the direct functionalization of benzylic C(sp3)−H sites in a broad range of substrates to furnish valuable enantioenriched ketone motifs with good to high enantioselectivity (up to 96% ee). Mechanistic and spectroscopic studies support the involvement of radical species derived from the Breslow intermediate and C−H substrate, highlight the critical role of the photocatalyst and hydrogen atom abstraction reagents for productive catalysis, and reveal a specific enzyme/photocatalyst interaction favoring single electron transfer during catalysis. Further insights into how the enantioselectivity of the C−C bond-forming reaction is controlled by the enzyme and influenced by active site mutations were gained via molecular modeling. This study illustrates the productive integration of ThDP-mediated biocatalysis with chemical HAT, expanding the range of asymmetric C(sp3)−H functionalization transformations that can be accessed through biocatalysis.

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Davis, Katherine ; Lippincott, Leon ; Malenius, Danielle ; Saleem, Rida ; Majeed, Saman ;

Abstract: Xylazine, an α2-adrenergic agonist approved exclusively for veterinary use, has recently emerged as a widespread adulterant in illicit opioid supplies, particularly fentanyl. Its presence poses significant public health risks, including profound sedation, necrotic skin ulcers, and the lack of an effective antidote. Despite its growing implication in overdose cases, presumptive testing methods for xylazine remain underdeveloped in forensic and public health settings. This study addresses the urgent need for reliable screening tools by evaluating the applicability of chemical spot tests, microcrystalline tests, and commercially available xylazine immunoassay test strips and field drug test kits. A comprehensive panel of chemical reagents was tested, and crystal morphology was assessed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among the colorimetric reagents examined, Cobalt thiocyanate, (pH 7.0), Liebermann, Mandelin, Mecke, Marquis, Scott, and Young reagents produced distinct and rapid color changes with xylazine. Gold chloride yielded reproducible, well-defined microcrystals across xylazine formulations, establishing it as the most effective reagent for microcrystalline testing. All XTS yielded true positives with xylazine; however, many commercial and on-site screening tools displayed cross-reactivity or false-positive results, raising concerns about their specificity and reliability. These findings highlight the need to develop and validate xylazine-specific presumptive tests to enhance forensic investigations, support harm reduction efforts, and enable more informed, safer decision-making by people who use drugs.

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Product Details of Eosin Y

CAS No. :15086-94-9
Formula : C20H8Br4O5
M.W : 647.89
SMILES Code : O=C1OC2(C3=C(OC4=C2C=C(Br)C(O)=C4Br)C(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=C3)C5=C1C=CC=C5
Synonyms :
Acid Red 87 free base
MDL No. :MFCD00036189
InChI Key :DBZJJPROPLPMSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Pubchem ID :27020

Safety of Eosin Y

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:Warning
Hazard Statements:H302
Precautionary Statements:P280-P305+P351+P338
 

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