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Marc Ferrell ; Zeneng Wang ; James T. Anderson , et al. Nat. Med.,2024,30,424-434. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02793-8
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Abstract: Despite intensive preventive cardiovascular disease (CVD) efforts, substantial residual CVD risk remains even for individuals receiving all guideline-recommended interventions. Niacin is an essential micronutrient fortified in food staples, but its role in CVD is not well understood. In this study, untargeted metabolomics analysis of fasting plasma from stable cardiac patients in a prospective discovery cohort (n = 1,162 total, n = 422 females) suggested that niacin metabolism was associated with incident major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Serum levels of the terminal metabolites of excess niacin, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2PY) and N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide (4PY), were associated with increased 3-year MACE risk in two validation cohorts (US n = 2,331 total, n = 774 females; European n = 832 total, n = 249 females) (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) for 2PY: 1.64 (1.10–2.42) and 2.02 (1.29–3.18), respectively; for 4PY: 1.89 (1.26–2.84) and 1.99 (1.26–3.14), respectively). Phenome-wide association analysis of the genetic variant rs10496731, which was significantly associated with both 2PY and 4PY levels, revealed an association of this variant with levels of soluble vascular adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1). Further meta-analysis confirmed association of rs10496731 with sVCAM-1 (n = 106,000 total, n = 53,075 females, P = 3.6 × 10−18). Moreover, sVCAM-1 levels were significantly correlated with both 2PY and 4PY in a validation cohort (n = 974 total, n = 333 females) (2PY: rho = 0.13, P = 7.7 × 10−5; 4PY: rho = 0.18, P = 1.1 × 10−8). Lastly, treatment with physiological levels of 4PY, but not its structural isomer 2PY, induced expression of VCAM-1 and leukocyte adherence to vascular endothelium in mice. Collectively, these results indicate that the terminal breakdown products of excess niacin, 2PY and 4PY, are both associated with residual CVD risk. They also suggest an inflammation-dependent mechanism underlying the clinical association between 4PY and MACE.
Purchased from AmBeed: 10177-29-4 ; 5006-66-6
CAS No. : | 5006-66-6 | MDL No. : | MFCD00229359 |
Formula : | C6H5NO3 | Boiling Point : | - |
Linear Structure Formula : | - | InChI Key : | BLHCMGRVFXRYRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
M.W : | 139.11 | Pubchem ID : | 72924 |
Synonyms : |
|
Chemical Name : | 6-Oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid |
Signal Word: | Warning | Class: | N/A |
Precautionary Statements: | P261-P305+P351+P338 | UN#: | N/A |
Hazard Statements: | H315-H319-H335 | Packing Group: | N/A |
GHS Pictogram: |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
69% | A suspension of sodium hydride (2.70 g, 67.50 mmol) in methanol (60 ml.) was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 5 min. 6-hydroxynicotinic acid (4.70 g, 33.79 mmol) was added, the mixture was stirred at 6O0C for 30 min and then methyl iodide (8.4 mL, 134.93 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was tirred at 6O0C overnight. 2N sodium hydroxide (20 mL) was added and the mixture was tirred at 6O0C for 30 min. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum, water (200 mL) was added to the residue and it was acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid. The solid was filtered, washed with water and dried and the filtrate was extracted with diethyl ether, dried, filtered and evaporated under vacuum. The resulting crude altogether with the solid was triturated with isopropyl alcohol, filtered, washed with hexanes and dried to give 3.58 g (69percent) of the title compound as a solid. LRMS: m/z 154(M+1 )+ Retention time: 1.58min (method A)1 H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-c/6) delta ppm 3.49 (s, 3 H) 6.40 (d, J=9.76 Hz, 1 H) 7.78 (dd, J=9.57, 2.54 Hz, 1 H) 8.48 (d, J=2.34 Hz, 1 H) 12.78 (br. s., 1 H) |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With hydrogen; sodium hydrogencarbonate; In methanol; water; | EXAMPLE 1 5-Carboxy-2-piperidone To a suspension of 10.0 g of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid in 200 ml water were added 6.5 g of sodium bicarbonate. The resulting solution was subjected to 500 psig hydrogen at 100 C. for 12 hours in the presence of 2.5 g ruthenium on alumina. The catalyst was removed by filtration. The filtrate was acidified to pH 4 with 6N HCl and evaporated to a colorless solid (~15 g). The solid was treated with 40 ml methanol and filtered to remove most of the sodium chloride. The filtrate was evaporated to give 7.5 g of the title compound: MS m/z 143 (M+); 300-MHz 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6) delta1.62-1.77 (m, 1 H), 1.83-1.97 (m, 1 H), 2.00-2.21 (m, 2 H), 2.23-2.35 (m, 1 H), 3.21 (d, J=8 Hz, 2 H), 7, 28 (s, 1 H). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With sodium borohydrid; phosphorus pentachloride; trichlorophosphate; In water; | (1.1) 6-Chloropyridine-3-methanol 69.5 g (0.5 mol) of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid are introduced into a mixture of 200 g (1 mol) of phosphorus pentachloride and 233 g (1.5 mol) of phosphorus oxychloride at room temperature, the mixture is stirred at 95 C. for 5 hours and excess phosphorus chlorides are then removed in vacuo. The crystalline residue is introduced into a solution of 75 g (1.98 mol) of sodium borohydride in 1,000 ml of water, the temperature being maintained at 30 C. at most. The mixture is then stirred at room temperature until the completion of gas evolution and is filtered with suction from solid material, and the filtrate is extracted using ether. After removing the solvent from the organic phase, 44.5 g (62% of theory) of oily crude product are obtained. The residue is distilled at 0.4 mbar (b.p. 110-115 C.) to give 36.6 g (51% of theory). |
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