Structure of Dapsone
CAS No.: 80-08-0
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The BI-3802 was designed by Boehringer Ingelheim and could be obtained free of charge through the Boehringer Ingelheim open innovation portal opnMe.com, associated with its negative control.
Dapsone is a sulfone with anti-inflammatory immunosuppressive properties as well as antibacterial and antibiotic properties.
Synonyms: 4,4′-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone; DDS; Sulfona
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Identification of efflux substrates using a riboswitch-based reporter in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Verónica Urdaneta-Páez ; Randy Hamchand ; Karen Anthony ; Jason Crawford ; Alan G. Sutherland ; Barbara I. Kazmierczak
Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is intrinsically resistant to many classes of antibiotics, reflecting the restrictive nature of its outer membrane and the action of its numerous efflux systems. However, the dynamics of compound uptake, retention, and efflux in this bacterium remain incompletely understood. Here, we exploited the sensor capabilities of a Z-nucleotide-sensing riboswitch to create an experimental system able to identify physicochemical and structural properties of compounds that permeate the bacterial cell, avoid efflux, and perturb the folate cycle or de novo purine synthesis. In the first step, a collection of structurally diverse compounds enriched in antifolate drugs was screened for ZTP (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside 5′-triphosphate) riboswitch reporter activity in efflux-deficient P. aeruginosa, allowing us to identify compounds that entered the cell and disrupted the folate pathway. These initial hits were then rescreened using isogenic efflux-proficient bacteria, allowing us to separate efflux substrates from efflux avoiders. We confirmed this categorization by measuring intracellular levels of select compounds in the efflux-deficient and -proficient strain using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This simple yet powerful method, optimized for high-throughput screening, enables the discovery of numerous permeable compounds that avoid efflux and paves the way for further refinement of the physicochemical and structural rules governing efflux in this multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogen. IMPORTANCE: Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections has become increasingly challenging. The development of novel antibiotics against this multidrug-resistant bacterium is a priority, but many drug candidates never achieve effective concentrations in the bacterial cell due to its highly restrictive outer membrane and the action of multiple efflux pumps. Here, we develop a robust and simple reporter system in P. aeruginosa to screen chemical libraries and identify compounds that either enter the cell and remain inside or enter the cell and are exported by efflux systems. This approach enables the development of rules of compound uptake and retention in P. aeruginosa that will lead to more rational design of novel antibiotics.
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Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; antimicrobial resistance ; drug efflux
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| CAS No. : | 80-08-0 |
| Formula : | C12H12N2O2S |
| M.W : | 248.30 |
| SMILES Code : | O=S(C1=CC=C(C=C1)N)(C2=CC=C(C=C2)N)=O |
| Synonyms : |
4,4′-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone; DDS; Sulfona
|
| MDL No. : | MFCD00007887 |
| InChI Key : | MQJKPEGWNLWLTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Pubchem ID : | 2955 |
| GHS Pictogram: |
|
| Signal Word: | Warning |
| Hazard Statements: | H302 |
| Precautionary Statements: | P280-P305+P351+P338 |
In Vitro:
| Concentration | Treated Time | Description | References |
| mouse peritoneal macrophages | 25–1000 μM | 48 h | To evaluate the antileishmanial activity of DAP against Leishmania-infected macrophages. Results showed EC50 values of 93.7 μM and 54.5 μM for L. major and L. braziliensis, respectively. | Pharmaceutics. 2019 Nov 13;11(11):607 |
| human erythrocytes | 0.15-0.6 mM | 30 min to 24 h | To investigate the effect of DDS-NHOH on erythrocyte membrane protein interactions, leading to band 3 protein aggregation and autologous antibody binding. Results showed that DDS-NHOH (but not dapsone) induced band 3 tyrosine phosphorylation, with the most significant effect at 0.3 mM. | Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Nov;161(5):1186-99 |
In Vivo:
| Administration | Dosage | Frequency | Description | References |
| Mice | Swiss Webster | Intraperitoneal injection | 40 mg/kg | 5 consecutive days | To evaluate the oxidative and neuroinflammatory changes caused by DDS in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mice, as well as the possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects of ALA on the changes caused by DDS. DDS increased macrophage/microglia and astrocyte activation in the hippocampus, increased expression of IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-4, reduced BDNF levels, decreased antioxidant capacity (TEAC, GSH, SOD, CAT), and increased oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation). ALA was able to reverse these effects of DDS. | Nutrients. 2025 Feb 25;17(5):791 |
| NOD Abo DQ8+ transgenic mice | Dermatitis herpetiformis model | Gavage | 1 mg/kg | Once daily for 4-6 weeks | Dapsone combined with a gluten-free diet accelerated the resolution of dermatitis herpetiformis symptoms, with resolution occurring within 1 week, compared to 2-3 weeks with a gluten-free diet alone. | J Clin Invest. 2004 Oct;114(8):1090-7 |
| BALB/c mice | L. major-infected cutaneous leishmaniasis model | Topical administration | 500 mg/kg | Twice daily for 30 days | To evaluate the efficacy of topical DAP treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Results showed that treatment not only failed to cure the lesions but worsened their evolution and appearance. High plasma drug levels were detected, concomitant with anemia and iron accumulation in the spleen. | Pharmaceutics. 2019 Nov 13;11(11):607 |
Clinical Trial:
| NCT Number | Conditions | Phases | Recruitment | Completion Date | Locations |
| NCT00141037 | Kidney Diseases ... More >> Kidney Transplantation Kidney Transplant Renal Transplantation Renal Transplant Less << | Phase 1 Phase 2 | Completed | - | United States, Alabama ... More >> University of Alabama - Pediatric Nephrology Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35233 United States, California Maxine Dunitz Children's Health Center Cedars-Sinai Los Angeles, California, United States, 90048 UCLA - Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095-1752 Stanford University Medical Center, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Palo Alto, California, United States, 94304 UCSF Children's Hospital San Francisco, California, United States, 94143 United States, Florida University of Florida - Pediatric Nephrology Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32610-0296 United States, Louisiana Children's Hospital of New Orleans-Department of Pediatric Nephrology New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 70118 United States, Massachusetts Children's Hospital Boston - Division of Nephrology Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02115 United States, Michigan University of Michigan Medical Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital- Division of Nephrology & Transplantation Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109 United States, Missouri Children's Mercy Hospital - Department of Nephrology Kansas City, Missouri, United States, 64108 United States, Pennsylvania The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia-Department of Nephrology Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104 United States, Washington Children's Hospital & Regional Medical Center - Division of Nephrology Seattle, Washington, United States, 98105 Less << |
| NCT00141037 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT02366884 | Neoplasms | Phase 2 | Enrolling by invitation | December 31, 2020 | United States, Maryland ... More >> Atavistic Chemotherapy Clinical Trial Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20814 Mexico Dr. Frank Arguello Cancer Clinic San Jose del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Mexico Instituto de Ciencia y Medicina Genomica Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico Less << |
| NCT02401061 | Immune Thrombocytopenia | Phase 1 Phase 2 | Recruiting | June 2019 | United States, California ... More >> USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Recruiting Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033 Contact: Howard Liebman, Dr 323-865-3950 liebman_h@med.usc.edu United States, Massachusetts Massachusetts General Hospital Recruiting Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02114 Contact: Jan Sjoquist 617-726-0153 jsjoquist@mgh.harvard.edu Contact: David Kuter, MD 617-726-8033 dkuter@partners.org Principal Investigator: David Kuter, MD United States, Michigan Michigan Center of Medical Research Recruiting Farmington Hills, Michigan, United States, 48334 Contact: Tallat Mahmood, Dr 248-747-4383 Tallat.mahmood@michmer.com United States, New York Weil-Cornell Medical College Active, not recruiting New York, New York, United States, 10065 United States, Ohio Gabrail Cancer Center Completed Canton, Ohio, United States, 44718 Cleveland Clinic Foundation Completed Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44195 United Kingdom Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Recruiting Aberdeen, AB, United Kingdom, AB25 27N Contact: Henry Watson, Prof. +44 (0) 1224 693119 henrywatson@nhs.net Principal Investigator: Henry Watson, MD Leicester Royal Infirmary Not yet recruiting Leicester, Leichester, United Kingdom, LE1 5WW Contact: Mamta Garg, MD +44 (0) 1162 586611 mamta.garg@uhl-tr.nhs.uk Principal Investigator: Mamta Garg, MD Queen Elizabeth Hospital Recruiting Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TH Contact: Charles Percy, MD +44 (0) 121 3714898 Charles.Percy@uhb.nhs.uk Principal Investigator: Charles Percy, MD Glasgow Royal Infirmary Recruiting Glasgow, United Kingdom, G4 0SF Contact: Catherine Bagot, MD +44 (0) 1412114000 Catherine.Bagot@ggc.scot.nhs.uk Principal Investigator: Catherine Bagot, MD Norfolk and Norwich Hospital Recruiting Norwich, United Kingdom, NR4 7UY Contact: Lyall Hamish, MD +44 (0) 1603287866 Hamish.Lyall@nnuh.nhs.uk Principal Investigator: Lyall Hamish, MD Less << |
| NCT00926367 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 4 | Completed | - | United States, Pennsylvania ... More >> cyberDERM Broomall, Pennsylvania, United States, 19008 Less << |
| NCT01447940 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 | Phase 3 | Unknown | December 2015 | France ... More >> University Hospital of Caen (Hospital Côte de nacre) Caen, Basse-Normandie, France, 14033 University Hospital of Besancon - Hospital Jean Minjoz Besancon, Franche Comté, France, 25030 Hospital Sud Francilien Corbeil Essonne, Ile de France, France, 91100 Hospital University of Montpellier Montpellier, Languedoc-Roussillon, France, 34295 University Hospital of Reims Reims, Marne, France, 51110 University Hospital of Nantes Nantes, Pays-de-la-Loire, France, 44093 University Hospital, Department of Endocrinology Grenoble, Rhône-Alpes, France, 38043 University Hospital of Lyon (HCL Lyon sud) Lyon, Rhônes-Alpes, France, 69310 Less << |
| NCT00001023 | Mycobacterium Avium-intracellu... More >>lare Infection HIV Infections Less << | Not Applicable | Completed | - | United States, Arizona ... More >> Univ of Arizona / Health Science Ctr Tucson, Arizona, United States, 85724 United States, California Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System Palo Alto, California, United States, 94304 Davies Med Ctr San Francisco, California, United States, 94114 United States, Colorado Denver Public Health Dept Denver, Colorado, United States, 802044507 United States, District of Columbia Georgetown Univ Med Ctr Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20007 United States, Louisiana Tulane Univ Med School New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 701122699 United States, Maryland Univ of Maryland at Baltimore / Veterans Adm Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21201 United States, Missouri Washington Univ School of Medicine St Louis, Missouri, United States, 63108 United States, North Carolina Univ of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 275997215 United States, Rhode Island Univ of Rhode Island / Roger Williams Med Ctr Providence, Rhode Island, United States, 02908 United States, Virginia Med College of Virginia / School of Pharmacy Richmond, Virginia, United States, 232980533 Less << |
| NCT00926367 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT00584935 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT00162383 | Healthy Volunteers | Not Applicable | Recruiting | December 2020 | Israel ... More >> Hadassah Medical Organization Recruiting Jerusalem, Israel Contact: Arik Tzukert, DMD 00 972 2 6776095 arik@hadassah.org.il Contact: Hadas Lemberg, PhD 00 972 2 6777572 lhadas@hadassah.org.il Principal Investigator: Yoseph Caraco, MD Less << |
| NCT00584935 | Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid | Phase 1 Phase 2 | Completed | - | United States, Alabama ... More >> University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35294 Less << |
| NCT00158574 | Malaria | Phase 2 Phase 3 | Completed | - | Tanzania ... More >> Ministry of Health, Korogwe and Same District MCH clinics Tanga, Tanga and Kilimanjaro, Tanzania Less << |
| NCT00111163 | Malaria Anemi... More >>a Less << | Not Applicable | Completed | - | Kenya ... More >> Lwak, Abidha, Ongielo and Saradidi clinics Asembo (Rarieda Division), Nyanza Province, Kenya Less << |
| NCT01885611 | Hansen's Disease | Phase 1 Phase 2 | Withdrawn(There was a problem ... More >>with funding and with the acquisition of the lab assays) Less << | June 2018 | Philippines ... More >> Philippine General Hospital Manila, Philippines, 1000 Less << |
| NCT00497471 | Malaria Anemi... More >>a Less << | Not Applicable | Terminated(Follow-up end in 19... More >>99) Less << | - | Tanzania ... More >> Ifakara Centre Ifakara, Tanzania Less << |
| NCT00000991 | Pneumonia, Pneumocystis Carini... More >>i HIV Infections Less << | Phase 3 | Completed | - | United States, California ... More >> USC CRS Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033 Children's Hosp. & Research Ctr. Oakland, Ped. Clinical Research Ctr. & Research Lab. Oakland, California, United States, 94609 Ucsd, Avrc Crs San Diego, California, United States, 92103 United States, Florida Univ. of Miami AIDS CRS Miami, Florida, United States, 33136 United States, Illinois Chicago Children's CRS Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60614 United States, Indiana Indiana Univ. School of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Clinic Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, 46202 United States, Maryland Johns Hopkins Adult AIDS CRS Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21287 United States, Massachusetts Massachusetts General Hospital ACTG CRS Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02114 Beth Israel Deaconess - East Campus A0102 CRS Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215 Beth Israel Deaconess Med. Ctr., ACTG CRS Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215 United States, Minnesota University of Minnesota, ACTU Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455 United States, Missouri Washington U CRS St. Louis, Missouri, United States United States, New York SUNY - Buffalo, Erie County Medical Ctr. Buffalo, New York, United States, 14215 Univ. of Rochester ACTG CRS Rochester, New York, United States United States, North Carolina Unc Aids Crs Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States Duke Univ. Med. Ctr. Adult CRS Durham, North Carolina, United States United States, Ohio Case CRS Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44106 The Ohio State Univ. AIDS CRS Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43210 United States, Pennsylvania Pitt CRS Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States United States, Washington University of Washington AIDS CRS Seattle, Washington, United States, 98105 Tanzania Mbeya Med. Research Program, Mbeya Referral Hosp. CRS Mbeya, Tanzania Less << |
| NCT03295383 | Severe Forms of Mucous Membran... More >>e Pemphigoid Less << | Phase 3 | Not yet recruiting | November 2, 2023 | France ... More >> CHU Amiens Not yet recruiting Amiens, France Contact: Catherine Lok Principal Investigator: Catherine Lok CHU Angers Angers, France CH Argenteuil Not yet recruiting Argenteuil, France Contact: Emmanuel Mahe Principal Investigator: Emmanuel Mahe CHU Bordeaux Not yet recruiting Bordeaux, France Contact: Marie Beylot Barry Principal Investigator: Marie Beylot Barry Brest University Hospital Brest, France CHU Caen Not yet recruiting Caen, France Contact: Laurence Verneuil Principal Investigator: Laurence Verneuil CHU Clermont Ferrand Clermont Ferrand, France CHU Dijon Not yet recruiting Dijon, France Contact: Pierre Vabres Principal Investigator: Pierre Vabres CH Le Mans Not yet recruiting Le Mans, France Contact: Hervé Maillard Principal Investigator: Hervé Maillard CHU Lille Not yet recruiting Lille, France Contact: Emmanuel Delaporte Principal Investigator: Emmanuel Delaporte CHU de Limoges Not yet recruiting Limoges, France Contact: Christophe Bedane Principal Investigator: Christophe Bedane HCL Not yet recruiting Lyon, France Contact: Sébastien Debarbieux Principal Investigator: Sébastien Debarbieux Principal Investigator: Denis Jullien APHM La Timone Not yet recruiting Marseille, France Contact: Marie-Aleth Richard Principal Investigator: Marie-Aleth Richard CHU Montpellier Montpellier, France CHU Nantes Not yet recruiting Nantes, France Contact: Gaelle Querreux Principal Investigator: Gaelle Querreux CHU Nice Not yet recruiting Nice, France Contact: Jean-Philippe Lacour Principal Investigator: Jean-Philippe Lacour APHP Avicennes Not yet recruiting Paris, France Contact: Catherine Prost Principal Investigator: Catherine Prost APHP Bichat Not yet recruiting Paris, France Contact: Catherine Picard-Dahan Principal Investigator: Catherine Picard-Dahan APHP Cochin Not yet recruiting Paris, France Contact: Nicolas Dupin Principal Investigator: Nicolas Dupin APHP Henri Mondor Not yet recruiting Paris, France Contact: Oro Saskia Principal Investigator: Oro Saskia APHP Pitié Salpétrière Not yet recruiting Paris, France Contact: Stéphane Barete Principal Investigator: Stéphane Barete APHP Saint-Louis Not yet recruiting Paris, France Contact: Jean-David Bouaziz Principal Investigator: Jean-David Bouaziz CH Quimper Not yet recruiting Quimper, France Contact: Patrice Plantin Principal Investigator: Patrice Plantin CHU de Reims Not yet recruiting Reims, France Contact: Bernard Philippe Principal Investigator: Bernard Philippe CHU Rennes Not yet recruiting Rennes, France Contact: Alain Dupuy Principal Investigator: Alain Dupuy CHU saint-Etienne Not yet recruiting Saint-Étienne, France Contact: Bruno Labeille Principal Investigator: Bruno Labeille CHU Tours Not yet recruiting Tours, France Contact: Laurent Machet Principal Investigator: Laurent Machet Less << |
| NCT01392430 | HIV Infection | Not Applicable | Completed | - | Thailand ... More >> Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Department of Medicine, Chiang Mai University Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 50130 Less << |
| NCT00669643 | Leprosy | Phase 4 | Completed | - | Brazil ... More >> Centro de Referência Nacional Alfredo da Matta - FUAM Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, 69.065-130 Centro de Referência Nacional Dona Libânia - CDERM Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, 60.101-035 Less << |
| NCT00393679 | Fever Malaria | Phase 3 | Completed | - | Burkina Faso ... More >> Centre Muraz/IRSS Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso Gabon Albert Schweitzer Hospital Lambaréné, Gabon Mozambique Manhiça Health Research Center Manhica, Mozambique Nigeria Hospital Calabar, Nigeria Rwanda Mashshesha and Rukara Kigali, Rwanda Uganda Jinja and Tororo Kampala, Uganda Mbarara, Mbarara, Uganda Zambia Tropical Diseases Research Centre, P O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia Less << |
| NCT00000596 | Lung Diseases ... More >> Pulmonary Fibrosis Sarcoidosis Less << | Phase 2 | Completed | - | - |
| NCT02939573 | Primary Cutaneous Vasculitis ... More >> Cutaneous Polyarteritis Nodosa IgA Vasculitis Henoch-Sch?nlein Purpura Less << | Phase 2 | Recruiting | December 2019 | United States, Kansas ... More >> University of Kansas Medical Center Recruiting Kansas City, Kansas, United States Contact: Theresa Howard thoward2@kumc.edu United States, Massachusetts Boston University School of Medicine Recruiting Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02118 Contact: Christopher Zammitti zammitti@bu.edu United States, Minnesota Mayo Clinic Recruiting Rochester, Minnesota, United States, 55905 Contact: Katrina Pierce pierce.katrina@mayo.edu United States, New York Northwell Health Recruiting Lake Success, New York, United States, 11042 Contact: Anita Haridat aharidat@northwell.edu Hospital for Special Surgery Recruiting New York, New York, United States, 10021 Contact: Beemnet Amdemicael amdemicaelb@hss.edu United States, Ohio Cleveland Clinic Recruiting Cleveland, Ohio, United States Contact: Elizabeth Kisela kiselae@ccf.org United States, Pennsylvania Penn State Hershey Medical Center Completed Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States, 17033 University of Pennsylvania Recruiting Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104 Contact: Michelle Hampton Michelle.Hampton@uphs.upenn.edu United States, Utah University of Utah Recruiting Salt Lake City, Utah, United States Contact: Lisa Webber lisa.webber@hsc.utah.edu Canada, Ontario St. Joseph's Healthcare Recruiting Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Contact: Sandra Messier smessier@stjoes.ca University of Toronto Mount Sinai Hospital Recruiting Toronto, Ontario, Canada Contact: Judy Vendramini judy.vendramini@sinaihealthsystem.ca Canada, Quebec McGill University Health Centre Recruiting Montréal, Quebec, Canada, H4A 3J1 Contact: Michele Tobaly michele.tobaly@muhc.mcgill.ca Less << |
| NCT00146731 | Malaria | Phase 3 | Completed | - | Tanzania ... More >> Muheza Designated District Hospital Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania, PB Less << |
| NCT00164359 | Malaria, Falciparum | Phase 4 | Completed | - | Malawi ... More >> Kawale Health Center Lilongwe, Lilongwe District, Malawi Machinga District Hospital Liwonde, Machinga District, Malawi Matiki Health Center Dwangwa, Nkhotakota District, Malawi Less << |
| NCT00461578 | Malaria | Not Applicable | Completed | - | Rwanda ... More >> Programme Nationale Integre de Lutte contre le Paludisme Kigali, Rwanda, BP 2514 Less << |
| NCT00636935 | Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia | Phase 4 | Withdrawn(No patient completed... More >> protocol) Less << | - | United States, District of Col... More >>umbia George Washington University Medical Faculty Associates Washington, D.C., District of Columbia, United States, 20037 Less << |
| NCT00519467 | Malaria | Phase 2 | Completed | - | Gambia ... More >> GSK Investigational Site Banjul, Gambia Malawi GSK Investigational Site Blantyre, Malawi, 30096,BLANTYRE 3 Less << |
| NCT00164710 | Malaria, Falciparum | Phase 4 | Completed | - | Malawi ... More >> Kawale Health Center Lilongwe, Lilongwe District, Malawi Machinga District Hospital Liwonde, Machinga District, Malawi Matiki Health Center Dwangwa, Nkhotakota District, Malawi Less << |
| NCT00002120 | Pneumonia, Pneumocystis Carini... More >>i HIV Infections Less << | Phase 1 | Completed | - | United States, California ... More >> Los Angeles County / Health Research Assoc / Drew Med Ctr Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033 Less << |
| NCT00000640 | Pneumonia, Pneumocystis Carini... More >>i HIV Infections Less << | Phase 3 | Completed | - | - |
| NCT02929719 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 1 | Completed | - | - |
| NCT00118794 | Malaria | Phase 3 | Completed | - | Gambia ... More >> Medical Research Council Laboratories Banjul, Gambia, POBOX273 Less << |
| NCT01313728 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 4 | Completed | - | United States, Pennsylvania ... More >> Skin Study Center Broomall, Pennsylvania, United States, 19008 Less << |
| NCT03132194 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 1 | Completed | - | - |
| NCT00002283 | Pneumonia, Pneumocystis Carini... More >>i HIV Infections Less << | Not Applicable | Completed | - | United States, New Jersey ... More >> Jacobus Pharmaceutical Co Princeton, New Jersey, United States, 08540 Less << |
| NCT00343187 | Rash Non-smal... More >>l-Cell Lung Cancer Less << | Phase 2 | Terminated(Lack of enrollment) | - | United States, Illinois ... More >> Northwestern University Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60611-2941 United States, Pennsylvania Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States, 17033 Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19111 Less << |
| NCT00000826 | Bacterial Infections ... More >> Mycoses HIV Infections Less << | Phase 1 | Completed | - | United States, California ... More >> Ucsf Aids Crs San Francisco, California, United States United States, Washington University of Washington AIDS CRS Seattle, Washington, United States, 98122 Less << |
| NCT00000802 | Pneumonia, Pneumocystis Carini... More >>i HIV Infections Less << | Phase 3 | Completed | - | - |
| NCT01231334 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 4 | Completed | - | United States, Florida ... More >> Miramar, Florida, United States Less << |
| NCT00158561 | Malaria Vivax... More >> Malaria Less << | Phase 3 | Completed | - | Pakistan ... More >> HealthNet International Peshawar, Pakistan Less << |
| NCT00001028 | Pneumonia, Pneumocystis Carini... More >>i HIV Infections Less << | Phase 3 | Completed | - | United States, California ... More >> Community Consortium of San Francisco San Francisco, California, United States, 94110 United States, Colorado Denver CPCRA / Denver Public Hlth Denver, Colorado, United States, 802044507 United States, Delaware Wilmington Hosp / Med Ctr of Delaware Wilmington, Delaware, United States, 19899 United States, District of Columbia Veterans Administration Med Ctr / Regional AIDS Program Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20422 United States, Illinois AIDS Research Alliance - Chicago Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60657 United States, Indiana Wishard Hosp / Indiana Univ Hosp Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, 46202 United States, Louisiana Louisiana Comm AIDS Rsch Prog / Tulane Univ Med New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 70112 United States, Michigan Comprehensive AIDS Alliance of Detroit Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48201 Henry Ford Hosp Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48202 United States, New Jersey North Jersey Community Research Initiative Newark, New Jersey, United States, 071032842 United States, New York Bronx Lebanon Hosp Ctr Bronx, New York, United States, 10456 Harlem AIDS Treatment Group / Harlem Hosp Ctr New York, New York, United States, 10037 United States, Oregon Portland Veterans Adm Med Ctr / Rsch & Education Grp Portland, Oregon, United States, 972109951 United States, Virginia Richmond AIDS Consortium Richmond, Virginia, United States, 23298 Less << |
| NCT01231334 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT00151541 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 3 | Completed | - | - |
| NCT00126971 | Malaria | Phase 1 | Suspended | - | Mali ... More >> Faladje Missionary Dispensary Faladje, Mali Less << |
| NCT01313728 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT00243542 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 4 | Completed | - | - |
| NCT00993694 | - | Completed | - | United States, Tennessee ... More >> Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center - Cool Springs Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37064 Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232-6838 Less << | |
| NCT00000739 | Pneumonia, Pneumocystis Carini... More >>i|HIV Infections Less << | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | 1998-06-01 | Long Beach Memorial Med. Ctr.,... More >> Miller Children's Hosp., Long Beach, California, 90801, United States|Usc La Nichd Crs, Los Angeles, California, 90033, United States|UCLA-Los Angeles/Brazil AIDS Consortium (LABAC) CRS, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States|Children's Hosp. & Research Ctr. Oakland, Ped. Clinical Research Ctr. & Research Lab., Oakland, California, 94609, United States|UCSD Maternal, Child, and Adolescent HIV CRS, San Diego, California, 92093, United States|Harbor - UCLA Med. Ctr. - Dept. of Peds., Div. of Infectious Diseases, Torrance, California, 90502, United States|Univ. of Colorado Denver NICHD CRS, Aurora, Colorado, 80218, United States|Children's National Med. Ctr., ACTU, Washington, District of Columbia, 20010, United States|Howard Univ. Washington DC NICHD CRS, Washington, District of Columbia, 20060, United States|Univ. of Florida Jacksonville NICHD CRS, Jacksonville, Florida, 32209, United States|Univ. of Miami Ped. Perinatal HIV/AIDS CRS, Miami, Florida, 33161, United States|Emory Univ. School of Medicine, Dept. of Peds., Div. of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, 30306, United States|Cook County Hosp., Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States|Chicago Children's CRS, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, United States|Univ. of Chicago - Dept. of Peds., Div. of Infectious Disease, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States|Univ. of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Dept. of Peds, Chicago, Illinois, United States|Tulane/LSU Maternal/Child CRS, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112, United States|HMS - Children's Hosp. Boston, Div. of Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States|BMC, Div. of Ped Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, United States|Baystate Health, Baystate Med. Ctr., Springfield, Massachusetts, 01199, United States|WNE Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS CRS, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01655, United States|Children's Hospital of Michigan NICHD CRS, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, United States|UMDNJ - Robert Wood Johnson, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, United States|St. Joseph's Hosp. & Med. Ctr. of New Jersey, Paterson, New Jersey, 07103, United States|SUNY Downstate Med. Ctr., Children's Hosp. at Downstate NICHD CRS, Brooklyn, New York, 11203, United States|North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Dept. of Peds., Great Neck, New York, 11021, United States|Schneider Children's Hosp., Div. of Infectious Diseases, New Hyde Park, New York, 11040, United States|NYU Med. Ctr., Dept. of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, United States|Columbia IMPAACT CRS, New York, New York, 10032, United States|Incarnation Children's Ctr., New York, New York, 10032, United States|Harlem Hosp. Ctr. NY NICHD CRS, New York, New York, 10037, United States|Univ. of Rochester ACTG CRS, Rochester, New York, 14642, United States|Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester NY NICHD CRS, Rochester, New York, United States|SUNY Stony Brook NICHD CRS, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States|SUNY Upstate Med. Univ., Dept. of Peds., Syracuse, New York, 13210, United States|DUMC Ped. CRS, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, United States|Case CRS, Cleveland, Ohio, United States|The Children's Hosp. of Philadelphia IMPAACT CRS, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States|St. Christopher's Hosp. for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19134, United States|Med. Univ. of South Carolina, Div. of Ped. Infectious Diseases, Charleston, South Carolina, 2942, United States|St. Jude/UTHSC CRS, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States|Childrens Hosp. of the Kings Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, 23507, United States|UW School of Medicine - CHRMC, Seattle, Washington, 98105, United States|Univ. Hosp. Ramón Ruiz Arnau, Dept. of Peds, Bayamon, Puerto Rico|San Juan City Hosp. PR NICHD CRS, San Juan, 00936, Puerto Rico|Univ. of Puerto Rico Ped. HIV/AIDS Research Program CRS, San Juan, Puerto Rico Less << |
| NCT01425320 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 1 | Withdrawn(Study was never init... More >>iated due to company decision. No study subjects were ever enrolled or dosed.) Less << | June 2013 | - |
| NCT00835198 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 4 | Completed | - | United States, Ohio ... More >> Strongsville, Ohio, United States Less << |
| NCT00834210 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT00835198 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT00002043 | Pneumonia, Pneumocystis Carini... More >>i|HIV Infections Less << | COMPLETED | - | UCLA CARE Ctr, Los Angeles, Ca... More >>lifornia, 90095, United States Less << | |
| NCT00834210 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 4 | Completed | - | United States, California ... More >> Fremont, California, United States Less << |
| NCT02117752 | Healthy Volunteers | Phase 1 | Completed | - | United States, New Jersey ... More >> Fair Lawn, New Jersey, United States Less << |
| NCT02117739 | Healthy Volunteers | Phase 1 | Completed | - | United States, New Jersey ... More >> Fair Lawn, New Jersey, United States Less << |
| NCT00429533 | Pemphigus Vulgaris | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | 2025-02-04 | Northwestern University Medica... More >>l Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60611-3010, United States|Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States|Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, United States|Cooper Hospital/University Medical Center, Camden, New Jersey, 08103, United States|The New York VA Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York, 10010, United States|Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States|University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States|University of Texas, Dallas, Texas, 75235, United States Less << |
| NCT00344006 | Malaria, Falciparum | Phase 3 | Completed | - | Burkina Faso ... More >> GSK Investigational Site Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso Ghana GSK Investigational Site Kintampo, Ghana Kenya GSK Investigational Site Eldoret, Kenya GSK Investigational Site Kilifi, Kenya Nigeria GSK Investigational Site Barkin Ladi, Nigeria GSK Investigational Site Calabar, Nigeria GSK Investigational Site Enugu, Nigeria GSK Investigational Site Ibadan, Nigeria Tanzania GSK Investigational Site Ifakara, Tanzania Less << |
| NCT02108483 | Healthy Volunteers | Phase 1 | Completed | - | United States, New Jersey ... More >> Fair Lawn, New Jersey, United States Less << |
| NCT00964366 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 4 | Completed | - | United States, Pennsylvania ... More >> cyberDERM Broomall, Pennsylvania, United States, 19008 Less << |
| NCT00371735 | Malaria, Falciparum | Phase 3 | Completed | - | Burkina Faso ... More >> GSK Investigational Site Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Ghana GSK Investigational Site Kumasi, Ghana Mali GSK Investigational Site Bamako, Mali Nigeria GSK Investigational Site Ile-Ife, Nigeria GSK Investigational Site Jos, Nigeria GSK Investigational Site Lagos, Nigeria GSK Investigational Site Maiduguri, Nigeria Less << |
| NCT01785836 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 1 | Withdrawn(Study was never init... More >>iated due to company decision. No study subjects were ever enrolled or dosed.) Less << | October 2013 | - |
| NCT00249782 | Rosacea | Phase 2 | Completed | - | - |
| NCT01885910 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT00361114 | Malaria | Phase 3 | Terminated(SP arms were stoppe... More >>d due to high levels of treatment failure.CD not available.) Less << | - | Tanzania ... More >> Hale Dispensary Korogwe, Tanga Region, Tanzania Less << |
| NCT01931150 | Cetuximab-induced Papulopustul... More >>ar (Acneiform) Rash Who Have Metastatic Colorectal Cancer or Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Less << | Phase 3 | Completed | - | United States, New York ... More >> Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York, United States, 10021 Less << |
| NCT01885910 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 4 | Completed | - | United States, Kentucky ... More >> DermResearch, PLLC Louisville, Kentucky, United States, 40217 Less << |
| NCT01144650 | Cerebral Stroke ... More >> Cerebrovascular Accident, Acute Cerebrovascular Stroke Stroke, Acute Stroke Less << | Phase 2 Phase 3 | Unknown | November 2010 | Mexico ... More >> El Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia Manuel Velasco Suarez Recruiting Tlalpan, Mexico City., Mexico, 14269 Contact: Jorge L Alvarado, MSc (52-55) 5606-3822 ext 1060 jorgelaa3@hotmail.com Principal Investigator: José A Santos, MD Sub-Investigator: Rubén Martínez, MD Less << |
| NCT03681470 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 4 | Recruiting | October 30, 2019 | United States, New York ... More >> Mount Sinai West Recruiting New York, New York, United States, 10023 Less << |
| NCT02493283 | Methemoglobinemia ... More >> Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis Less << | Phase 1 | Completed | - | Germany ... More >> Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, 17487 Less << |
| NCT00964366 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT02865005 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 3 | Completed | - | - |
| NCT02550080 | Allergic Cutaneous Vasculitis ... More >> Urticaria Psoriasis Acne Bullous Skin Diseases Sterile Pustulosis Leprosy Pneumocystis Pneumonia Less << | Phase 4 | Recruiting | May 2019 | China, Shandong ... More >> Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology Recruiting Jinan, Shandong, China, 250000 Contact: Furen Zhang +86-531-87298808 zhangfuren@hotmail.com Less << |
| NCT02032407 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT01974141 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 3 | Completed | - | United States, California ... More >> Encino, California, United States Canada, Ontario North Bay, Ontario, Canada Less << |
| NCT01931150 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT01974323 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT01165840 | Obesity|Leprosy|Tuberculosis | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | 2025-05-12 | University of Texas Southweste... More >>rn, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States Less << |
| NCT01974323 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 3 | Completed | - | United States, California ... More >> Beverly Hills, California, United States United States, Florida Aventura, Florida, United States Canada, Ontario Windsor, Ontario, Canada Less << |
| NCT01165840 | Obesity|Leprosy|Tuberculosis | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | 2025-05-12 | University of Texas Southweste... More >>rn, Dallas, Texas, 75390, United States Less << |
| NCT01870050 | Lichen Simples Chronicus and P... More >>rurigo Less << | Not Applicable | Not yet recruiting | November 2019 | United States, Illinois ... More >> J H Stroger Hospital of Cook County Not yet recruiting Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60612 Contact: Joerg Albrecht, MD 312-864-4480 jalbrecht@cookcountyhhs.org Principal Investigator: Joerg Albrecht Sub-Investigator: Warren Piette, MD Less << |
| NCT02032407 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 4 | Completed | - | United States, District of Col... More >>umbia Washington, District of Columbia, United States Less << |
| NCT01773122 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 1 | Completed | - | United States, Texas ... More >> College Station, Texas, United States Less << |
| NCT01773122 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT01115244 | - | Terminated(poor enrollment and... More >> lack of funding) Less << | - | - | |
| NCT01974141 | - | Completed | - | - | |
| NCT01115244 | Dermatitis Herpetiformis | Phase 4 | Terminated(poor enrollment and... More >> lack of funding) Less << | - | United States, Tennessee ... More >> Vanderbilt University - One Hundred Oaks Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37204 Less << |
| NCT02944461 | Acne | Phase 4 | Unknown | November 2017 | United States, California ... More >> Dermatology and Laser Surgery Recruiting Sacramento, California, United States, 95819 Contact: Emil Tanghetti, M.D. United States, Kentucky DermResearch, PLLC Recruiting Louisville, Kentucky, United States, 40014 Contact: Deborah Zuidema, M.S.N. 502-456-4161 dbzuidema@aol.com Principal Investigator: Leon H. Kircik, M.D. United States, Nevada James Q. DelRosso DO, LLC Recruiting Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, 89117 Contact: James Q. DelRosso, D.O. Less << |
| NCT02959970 | Acne Vulgaris | Phase 4 | Completed | - | United States, Alabama ... More >> Kirklin Clinic Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35233 United States, California Center for Dermatology Clinical Research Fremont, California, United States, 94538 Quest Dermatology Research Northridge, California, United States, 91324 Southern California Dermatology Santa Ana, California, United States, 92701 Redwood Family Dermatology Santa Rosa, California, United States, 95401 United States, Florida Center for Clinical and Cosmetic Research Aventura, Florida, United States, 33180 Baumann Cosmetic and Research Institute Miami Beach, Florida, United States, 33137 United States, Kentucky Dermresearch, PLLC Louisville, Kentucky, United States, 40217 United States, Michigan Hamzavi Dermatology Fort Gratiot, Michigan, United States, 48059 United States, Missouri Saint Louis University Dermatology Saint Louis, Missouri, United States, 63104 United States, Nebraska Skin Specialists, PC Omaha, Nebraska, United States, 68144 United States, New York Skin Specialty Dermatology New York, New York, United States, 10155 United States, North Carolina Health Sciences/Department of Dermatology Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States, 27106 United States, Pennsylvania KGL Skin Study Center Broomall, Pennsylvania, United States, 19008 Department of Dermatology, UPCII Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States, 17033 United States, Texas Arlington Research Center, Inc. Arlington, Texas, United States, 76011 DermResearch, LLC Austin, Texas, United States, 78759 University of Texas Medical School at Houston Houston, Texas, United States, 77030 Austin Institute for Clinical Research, Inc. Pflugerville, Texas, United States, 78660 United States, Washington Premier Clinical Research Spokane, Washington, United States, 99202 Less << |
| NCT02627417 | Adult Immune Thrombocytopenia ... More >>(ITP) Dapsone Less << | Phase 3 | Recruiting | May 2019 | France ... More >> Henri Mondor Hospital Recruiting Creteil, France, 94010 Less << |
| Bio Calculators | ||||
| Preparing Stock Solutions | ![]() |
1mg | 5mg | 10mg |
|
1 mM 5 mM 10 mM |
4.03mL 0.81mL 0.40mL |
20.14mL 4.03mL 2.01mL |
40.27mL 8.05mL 4.03mL |
|
| Dissolving Methods |
Please choose the appropriate dissolution scheme according to your animal administration guide.For the following dissolution schemes, clear stock solution should be prepared according to in vitro experiments, and then cosolvent should be added in turn:
in order to ensure the reliability of the experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be properly preserved according to the storage conditions; The working fluid for in vivo experiment is recommended to be prepared now and used on the same day; The percentage shown in front of the following solvent refers to the volume ratio of the solvent in the final solution; If precipitation or precipitation occurs in the preparation process, it can be assisted by heating and/or ultrasound.
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