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CAS No. :	22427-39-0
Formula :	C₄₂H₇₂O₁₄
M.W :	801.01
SMILES Code :	C[C@@]12[C@@]([H])([C@](C)([C@]3([C@H](C2)O[C@@H]4O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]4O)O)O)CO)[H])CC[C@@H](C3(C)C)O)C[C@H]([C@]5([C@]1(CC[C@@H]5[C@@](C)(O[C@@H]6O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]6O)O)O)CO)CC/C=C(C)\C)C)[H])O
Synonyms :	Panaxoside Rg1; Panaxoside A; Sanchinoside Rg1
MDL No. :	MFCD00210293
InChI Key :	YURJSTAIMNSZAE-HHNZYBFYSA-N
Pubchem ID :	441923

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:	Warning
Hazard Statements:	H302
Precautionary Statements:	P280-P305+P351+P338

Primary RGCs	1, 10, 30 μM	1 week	Promoted neurite growth of primary RGCs	PMC10920000
HeLa cells	10 μM	10 hours	Ginsenoside Rg1 reduced cancer cell proliferation through inducing mitotic arrest.	PMC9120780
RGC-5s cells	1, 10, 30 μM	2 days	Promoted neurite growth and synaptic plasticity of RGC-5s cells	PMC10920000
HepG2 cells	0.1, 1 or 10 μM	2 hours	To study the effect of Rg1 on the binding of Akt to FoxO1, results showed that Rg1 promoted Akt binding to FoxO1 and inhibited FoxO1 nuclear translocation.	PMC5667421
PC12 cells	0.01 –1 μM	24 hours	Rg1 significantly attenuated OGD/R-induced cell injury, accompanied by prolonging nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, enhancing the transcriptional activity of Nrf2, and promoting the expression of ARE-target genes.	PMC6318278
Hepatic stellate cells	50 μM	24 hours	Inhibited HSC proliferation and collagen expression, reducing liver fibrosis via EMT pathway inhibition	PMC10310870
HT22 cells	5, 10 μM	24 hours	To study the effect of Rg1 on calcium overload induced by OGD/R in HT22 cells, the results showed that Rg1 could inhibit calcium overload and resist the imbalance of calcium homeostasis.	PMC9270650
Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs)	20 μM	24 hours	Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits hypoxia-induced PASMCs proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis by downregulating the calpain-1/STAT3 signaling pathway.	PMC11258379
Rat bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs)	1, 2, 4 μM	24 hours	To investigate the effects of Rg1 on AIM2 inflammasome activation and macrophage polarization. Results showed that Rg1 significantly inhibited AIM2 inflammasome activation and reduced M1 macrophage polarization.	PMC11583468
Cardiac fibroblasts	10 μM	24 hours	Ginsenoside Rg1 reduced collagen I and III mRNA expression and inhibited cardiac fibroblast proliferation.	PMC8569322
Cardiomyocytes	10 μM	24 hours	Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited stretch-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and reduced ANP and BNP mRNA expression.	PMC8569322
Neuronal cells	40 μM	48 hours	To assess the effect of Rg1 pretreatment on EV secretion from neuronal cells, results showed that Rg1 pretreatment increased EV release.	PMC11336912
MC38 cells	100 μM		Inhibit PD-1/PD-L1 binding	PMC10770033
RPE1 cells	10 μM		Ginsenoside Rg1 did not inhibit H3T3ph in normal cells.	PMC9120780
DC2.4 cells	2.5–100 μM	24 hours	Promoted DC2.4 cell maturation and upregulated CD40 and CD86 expression	PMC11481235

Sprague-Dawley rats	Traumatic brain injury model	Intraperitoneal injection	5, 10, 15 mg/kg	30 minutes and 24 hours after injury	Evaluated the protective effect of Rg1 on traumatic brain injury, results showed that Rg1 significantly improved neurological deficits, brain edema and BBB permeability	PMC8642604
C57BL/6J mice	High-fat diet-induced obese Mice model	Oral	50 mg/kg	Once daily for 8 weeks	To investigate the effect of Rg1 on blood glucose and hepatic glucose production in high-fat diet-induced obese mice, results showed that Rg1 reduced fasting blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, and suppressed the expression of hepatic gluconeogenesis-related enzymes.	PMC5667421
C57BL/6 mice	MC38 tumor xenograft lung metastasis model	Intraperitoneal injection	100 mg/kg	Once daily for four weeks	Inhibit colon cancer lung metastasis and activate CD8 T cells	PMC10770033
Sprague-Dawley rats	Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model	Intraperitoneal injection	20 mg/kg	Single dose, lasting for 24 hours	Rg1 significantly alleviated ischemic injury and activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway. The protective effects of Rg1 were abolished by injecting AAV-HIF-miR-144-shRNA into the predicted ischemic penumbra.	PMC6318278
C57BL/6 mice	3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington's disease model	Oral	10, 20, 40 mg/kg	Once daily for 5 days	Ginsenoside Rg1 exerts neuroprotective effects in the striatum by suppressing MAPKs and NF-κB pathways	PMC8379213
5XFAD mice	Alzheimer's disease model	Intraperitoneal injection	10 mg/kg	Once daily for 30 consecutive days	Rg1 restores mitophagy and ameliorates memory deficits in the AD Mice model through the PINK1-Parkin pathway.	PMC10214288
C57BL/6J mice	CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model	Oral	40 mg/kg	Twice a week for 8 weeks	Significantly reduced CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, decreased collagen deposition and a-SMA expression	PMC10310870
C57/BL mice	Type 2 diabetes model	Gavage	1, 5 or 10 mg/kg	8 weeks	Rg1 treatment improved memory impairment and neuronal injury, decreased ROS, IP3, and DAG levels to revert Ca2+ overload, downregulated the expressions of p-PLC, TRPC6, CN, and NFAT1 nuclear translocation, and alleviated Aβ deposition in T2DM mice. In addition, Rg1 treatment elevated the expression of PSD95 and SYN in T2DM mice, which in turn improved synaptic dysfunction.	PMC10214300
ICR mice	Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model	Gavage	5, 10 mg/kg	Once daily for 5 days before ischemia and 14 days after reperfusion	To study the protective effect and mechanism of Rg1 on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, the results showed that Rg1 significantly improved cerebral blood flow, locomotion, and limb coordination, reduced ROS production, increased MAP2 and PSD95 expression, and decreased p-Tau, NOX2, p-PLC, CN, NFAT1, and NLRP1 expression.	PMC9270650
C57BL/6 mice	Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension model	Intragastric administration	5, 10, 20 mg/kg	Once daily for four weeks	Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by suppressing the calpain-1/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby alleviating vascular remodeling, inflammation, and fibrosis.	PMC11258379
Sprague-Dawley rats	Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury model	Intraperitoneal injection	10 and 20 mg/kg	Once daily for 7 days	To evaluate the cardioprotective effects of Rg1 against MI/R injury. Results showed that Rg1 dose-dependently reduced myocardial infarct size, inhibited myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, and improved cardiac function.	PMC11583468
Sprague-Dawley rats	Abdominal aortic constriction model	Oral	12 mg/kg	Once daily for 30 days	Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviated AAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and improved cardiac function.	PMC8569322
Sprague-Dawley rats	Achilles tendinitis model	Oral	15, 30, 60 mg/kg	Once daily for 30 days	Rg1 promotes the healing of injured tendon in AT rat model through the activation of IGF1R and MAPK signaling pathway	PMC9270649

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CAS No.: 22427-39-0

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CAS No.: 22427-39-0

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Precautionary Statements-General
Code	Phrase
P101	If medical advice is needed,have product container or label at hand.
P102	Keep out of reach of children.
P103	Read label before use
Prevention
Code	Phrase
P201	Obtain special instructions before use.
P202	Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P210	Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking.
P211	Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.
P220	Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials.
P221	Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles
P222	Do not allow contact with air.
P223	Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent reaction and possible flash fire.
P230	Keep wetted
P231	Handle under inert gas.
P232	Protect from moisture.
P233	Keep container tightly closed.
P234	Keep only in original container.
P235	Keep cool
P240	Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
P241	Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment.
P242	Use only non-sparking tools.
P243	Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
P244	Keep reduction valves free from grease and oil.
P250	Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction.
P251	Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use.
P260	Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P261	Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P262	Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
P263	Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing.
P264	Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
P265	Wash skin thouroughly after handling.
P270	Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
P271	Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P272	Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.
P273	Avoid release to the environment.
P280	Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P281	Use personal protective equipment as required.
P282	Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection.
P283	Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing.
P284	Wear respiratory protection.
P285	In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.
P231 + P232	Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture.
P235 + P410	Keep cool. Protect from sunlight.
Response
Code	Phrase
P301	IF SWALLOWED:
P304	IF INHALED:
P305	IF IN EYES:
P306	IF ON CLOTHING:
P307	IF exposed:
P308	IF exposed or concerned:
P309	IF exposed or if you feel unwell:
P310	Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P311	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P312	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P313	Get medical advice/attention.
P314	Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.
P315	Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P320
P302 + P352	IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.
P321
P322
P330	Rinse mouth.
P331	Do NOT induce vomiting.
P332	IF SKIN irritation occurs:
P333	If skin irritation or rash occurs:
P334	Immerse in cool water/wrap n wet bandages.
P335	Brush off loose particles from skin.
P336	Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area.
P337	If eye irritation persists:
P338	Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P340	Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P341	If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P342	If experiencing respiratory symptoms:
P350	Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P351	Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
P352	Wash with plenty of soap and water.
P353	Rinse skin with water/shower.
P360	Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P361	Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
P362	Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
P363	Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
P370	In case of fire:
P371	In case of major fire and large quantities:
P372	Explosion risk in case of fire.
P373	DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
P374	Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.
P376	Stop leak if safe to do so. Oxidising gases (section 2.4) 1
P377	Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely.
P378
P380	Evacuate area.
P381	Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so.
P390	Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P391	Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment
P301 + P310	IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P301 + P312	IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.
P301 + P330 + P331	IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
P302 + P334	IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P302 + P350	IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P303 + P361 + P353	IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower.
P304 + P312	IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P304 + P340	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P304 + P341	IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P305 + P351 + P338	IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P306 + P360	IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P307 + P311	IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P308 + P313	IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.
P309 + P311	IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P332 + P313	IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P333 + P313	IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P335 + P334	Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P337 + P313	IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P342 + P311	IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P370 + P376	In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so.
P370 + P378	In case of fire:
P370 + P380	In case of fire: Evacuate area.
P370 + P380 + P375	In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P371 + P380 + P375	In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
Storage
Code	Phrase
P401
P402	Store in a dry place.
P403	Store in a well-ventilated place.
P404	Store in a closed container.
P405	Store locked up.
P406	Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner.
P407	Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets.
P410	Protect from sunlight.
P411
P412	Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF.
P413
P420	Store away from other materials.
P422
P402 + P404	Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container.
P403 + P233	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
P403 + P235	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
P410 + P403	Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place.
P410 + P412	Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/122oF.
P411 + P235	Keep cool.
Disposal
Code	Phrase
P501	Dispose of contents/container to ...
P502	Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling

Physical hazards
Code	Phrase
H200	Unstable explosive
H201	Explosive; mass explosion hazard
H202	Explosive; severe projection hazard
H203	Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard
H204	Fire or projection hazard
H205	May mass explode in fire
H220	Extremely flammable gas
H221	Flammable gas
H222	Extremely flammable aerosol
H223	Flammable aerosol
H224	Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
H225	Highly flammable liquid and vapour
H226	Flammable liquid and vapour
H227	Combustible liquid
H228	Flammable solid
H229	Pressurized container: may burst if heated
H230	May react explosively even in the absence of air
H231	May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature
H240	Heating may cause an explosion
H241	Heating may cause a fire or explosion
H242	Heating may cause a fire
H250	Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air
H251	Self-heating; may catch fire
H252	Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire
H260	In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
H261	In contact with water releases flammable gas
H270	May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer
H271	May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer
H272	May intensify fire; oxidizer
H280	Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated
H281	Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury
H290	May be corrosive to metals
Health hazards
Code	Phrase
H300	Fatal if swallowed
H301	Toxic if swallowed
H302	Harmful if swallowed
H303	May be harmful if swallowed