CAS No. :	848259-27-8
Formula :	C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₆
M.W :	490.55
SMILES Code :	CC[C@@H](OC1=CC=CC(CN(C2=NC3=CC=CC=C3O2)CCCOC4=CC=C(OC)C=C4)=C1)C(O)=O
Synonyms :	K-877
MDL No. :	MFCD30533427

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:	Warning
Hazard Statements:	H302-H315-H319-H335
Precautionary Statements:	P261-P305+P351+P338

THP-1 cells	40 or 60 µM	24 hours	To evaluate the effect of pemafibrate on anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization in THP-1 cells. Results showed that pemafibrate promoted anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization and significantly decreased the protein levels of TNF-α and IL-1β.	Sci Rep. 2024 Oct 11;14(1):23816
661W cells	10 and 100 nM	24 hours	To evaluate the inhibitory effect of pemafibrate on HIF activity, results showed no significant inhibitory effect of pemafibrate on HIF activity	Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Nov 23;20(23):5878
Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs)	40 or 60 µM	24-48 hours	To investigate the effect of pemafibrate on IFN-γ-induced fibrotic and inflammatory markers in HPMCs. Results showed that pemafibrate effectively inhibited TGF-β1 and fibronectin secretion, stabilized IκBα, and inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation.	Sci Rep. 2024 Oct 11;14(1):23816
Rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs)	1–1000 nM	48 hours	To evaluate the effect of pemafibrate on VSMC proliferation, results showed that pemafibrate significantly inhibited VSMC proliferation and DNA synthesis.	Heliyon. 2020 Nov 6;6(11):e05431

Mice	STZ-induced diabetic model	Diet supplemented	0.0002% pemafibrate	For 12 weeks	To evaluate the protective effect of pemafibrate on diabetic retinopathy, results showed pemafibrate improved blood glucose levels, lipid metabolism, increased serum FGF21 level, and protected retinal neural function	Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Aug 28;21(17):6243
Mice	Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model	Oral	0.03 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg	Once daily for 4 weeks	To evaluate the effect of pemafibrate on NASH pathology, results showed that pemafibrate improved obesity, dyslipidaemia, liver dysfunction, and the pathological condition of NASH.	Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 14;7:42477
C57BL/6J mice	STAM mouse model (NASH model)	Oral	0.1 mg/kg	Once daily for 3 weeks	To evaluate the protective effects of pemafibrate against NASH development. Results showed that pemafibrate improved F4/80-positive macrophage accumulation, ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, and the NAFLD activity score without affecting hepatic triglyceride accumulation.	Sci Rep. 2020 May 8;10(1):7818
C57Bl/6 male mice	Diet-induced steatohepatitis-related cardiomyopathy model	Oral	0.1 mg/kg	Daily administration for 8 weeks	To evaluate the effect of pemafibrate on steatohepatitis and cardiomyopathy. Results showed that pemafibrate significantly suppressed inflammation and fibrosis in the liver and heart, and improved cardiac function.	Sci Rep. 2022 Feb 22;12(1):2996
Balb/c mice	Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) model	Intraperitoneal injection	0.1 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg	Once daily for 5 days	To investigate the role of pemafibrate in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, the results showed that pemafibrate effectively reduced the level of hepatic IR injury. Additionally, pemafibrate exhibited anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antiautophagy effects, mediated by the JAK2/STAT3β/PPARα pathway.	PPAR Res. 2021 Mar 11;2021:6632137
C57BL/6 mice	Vascular injury model in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or normal chow	Oral	0.1 mg/kg/day	Once daily for 6 weeks	To evaluate the effect of pemafibrate on neointima formation after vascular injury, results showed that pemafibrate significantly reduced neointima formation and VSMC proliferation.	Heliyon. 2020 Nov 6;6(11):e05431
Human	Type 2 diabetes patients with hypertriglyceridemia	Oral	0.2 mg (0.1 mg twice daily)	Twice daily for 24 weeks	To evaluate the effects of pemafibrate on serum lipids in type 2 diabetes patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Results showed that pemafibrate significantly reduced serum TGs, midband and VLDL fractions, but LDL-C levels increased depending on baseline TGs and LDL-C levels.	Lipids Health Dis. 2021 Feb 20;20(1):17
Human	Patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia	Oral	0.2–0.4 mg/day	Once daily for 52 weeks	To evaluate the effect of pemafibrate on insulin resistance and β-cell function. Results showed that pemafibrate significantly improved insulin resistance assessed by HOMA2-R and maintained β-cell function assessed by disposition index.	Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jun 27;15(7):1838
Human	Patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia	Oral	0.2–0.4 mg/day	Once daily for 52 weeks	To evaluate the effects of pemafibrate on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), results showed pemafibrate significantly improved ALT levels and liver fibrosis in subjects with higher ALT levels.	Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023 Oct 26;15(1):214
C57BL/6J mice	MGO-induced peritoneal fibrosis model	Oral	0.3 mg/kg/day	Once daily for 3 weeks	To evaluate the effect of pemafibrate on MGO-induced peritoneal fibrosis and inflammation. Results showed that pemafibrate significantly reduced peritoneal fibrosis and inflammatory markers, restored peritoneal function, and promoted anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization.	Sci Rep. 2024 Oct 11;14(1):23816
C57BL/6J mice	Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model	Oral gavage	0.3 mg/kg/day	Daily from P12 to P16	To evaluate the inhibitory effect of pemafibrate on retinal pathological neovascularization, results showed pemafibrate significantly reduced pathological angiogenesis	Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Nov 23;20(23):5878
Mice	Fatty acid overload nephropathy model	Oral gavage	0.5 mg/kg/day	Once daily for 20 days	To evaluate the protective effect of PEM against FAON, results showed that PEM significantly attenuated tubular injury caused by FAON, increased the expressions of mRNA and proteins related to FAM, and decreased renal FFA content and oxidative stress.	Metabolites. 2021 Jun 9;11(6):372
Dahl salt-sensitive rats	Hypertension and insulin resistance model	Oral gavage	0.5 mg/kg/day	Once daily for 12 weeks	To assess the effect of combination therapy on lipid profiles and endothelial dysfunction. Combination therapy significantly reduced systolic blood pressure, TG levels (including total TG, CM-TG, VLDL-TG, HDL-TG), and cholesterol levels (including total cholesterol, CM-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol), and improved endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation.	Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020 Sep 26;19(1):149
C57BL/6 mice	Unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO)-induced retinal ischemia model	Oral	0.5 mg/kg/day	Once daily for 4 days before UCCAO surgery, then continuously administered until the end of experiments	To evaluate the protective effects of pemafibrate against UCCAO-induced retinal dysfunction. Results showed that pemafibrate enhanced liver function, elevated serum FGF21 levels, protected retinal function, modulated retinal gliosis, and preserved oscillatory potentials.	Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 30;22(17):9408

Bio Calculators
Preparing Stock Solutions		1mg	5mg	10mg
Preparing Stock Solutions	1 mM 5 mM 10 mM	2.04mL 0.41mL 0.20mL	10.19mL 2.04mL 1.02mL	20.39mL 4.08mL 2.04mL
Dissolving Methods	Animal experiment Please choose the appropriate dissolution scheme according to your animal administration guide.For the following dissolution schemes, clear stock solution should be prepared according to in vitro experiments, and then cosolvent should be added in turn: in order to ensure the reliability of the experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be properly preserved according to the storage conditions; The working fluid for in vivo experiment is recommended to be prepared now and used on the same day; The percentage shown in front of the following solvent refers to the volume ratio of the solvent in the final solution; If precipitation or precipitation occurs in the preparation process, it can be assisted by heating and/or ultrasound. Protocol 1 Protocol 2

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CAS No.: 848259-27-8

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CAS No.: 848259-27-8

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Precautionary Statements-General
Code	Phrase
P101	If medical advice is needed,have product container or label at hand.
P102	Keep out of reach of children.
P103	Read label before use
Prevention
Code	Phrase
P201	Obtain special instructions before use.
P202	Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P210	Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking.
P211	Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.
P220	Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials.
P221	Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles
P222	Do not allow contact with air.
P223	Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent reaction and possible flash fire.
P230	Keep wetted
P231	Handle under inert gas.
P232	Protect from moisture.
P233	Keep container tightly closed.
P234	Keep only in original container.
P235	Keep cool
P240	Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
P241	Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment.
P242	Use only non-sparking tools.
P243	Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
P244	Keep reduction valves free from grease and oil.
P250	Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction.
P251	Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use.
P260	Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P261	Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P262	Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
P263	Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing.
P264	Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
P265	Wash skin thouroughly after handling.
P270	Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
P271	Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P272	Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.
P273	Avoid release to the environment.
P280	Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P281	Use personal protective equipment as required.
P282	Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection.
P283	Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing.
P284	Wear respiratory protection.
P285	In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.
P231 + P232	Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture.
P235 + P410	Keep cool. Protect from sunlight.
Response
Code	Phrase
P301	IF SWALLOWED:
P304	IF INHALED:
P305	IF IN EYES:
P306	IF ON CLOTHING:
P307	IF exposed:
P308	IF exposed or concerned:
P309	IF exposed or if you feel unwell:
P310	Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P311	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P312	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P313	Get medical advice/attention.
P314	Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.
P315	Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P320
P302 + P352	IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.
P321
P322
P330	Rinse mouth.
P331	Do NOT induce vomiting.
P332	IF SKIN irritation occurs:
P333	If skin irritation or rash occurs:
P334	Immerse in cool water/wrap n wet bandages.
P335	Brush off loose particles from skin.
P336	Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area.
P337	If eye irritation persists:
P338	Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P340	Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P341	If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P342	If experiencing respiratory symptoms:
P350	Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P351	Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
P352	Wash with plenty of soap and water.
P353	Rinse skin with water/shower.
P360	Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P361	Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
P362	Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
P363	Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
P370	In case of fire:
P371	In case of major fire and large quantities:
P372	Explosion risk in case of fire.
P373	DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
P374	Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.
P376	Stop leak if safe to do so. Oxidising gases (section 2.4) 1
P377	Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely.
P378
P380	Evacuate area.
P381	Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so.
P390	Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P391	Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment
P301 + P310	IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P301 + P312	IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.
P301 + P330 + P331	IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
P302 + P334	IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P302 + P350	IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P303 + P361 + P353	IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower.
P304 + P312	IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P304 + P340	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P304 + P341	IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P305 + P351 + P338	IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P306 + P360	IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P307 + P311	IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P308 + P313	IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.
P309 + P311	IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P332 + P313	IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P333 + P313	IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P335 + P334	Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P337 + P313	IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P342 + P311	IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P370 + P376	In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so.
P370 + P378	In case of fire:
P370 + P380	In case of fire: Evacuate area.
P370 + P380 + P375	In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P371 + P380 + P375	In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
Storage
Code	Phrase
P401
P402	Store in a dry place.
P403	Store in a well-ventilated place.
P404	Store in a closed container.
P405	Store locked up.
P406	Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner.
P407	Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets.
P410	Protect from sunlight.
P411
P412	Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF.
P413
P420	Store away from other materials.
P422
P402 + P404	Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container.
P403 + P233	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
P403 + P235	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
P410 + P403	Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place.
P410 + P412	Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/122oF.
P411 + P235	Keep cool.
Disposal
Code	Phrase
P501	Dispose of contents/container to ...
P502	Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling

Physical hazards
Code	Phrase
H200	Unstable explosive
H201	Explosive; mass explosion hazard
H202	Explosive; severe projection hazard
H203	Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard
H204	Fire or projection hazard
H205	May mass explode in fire
H220	Extremely flammable gas
H221	Flammable gas
H222	Extremely flammable aerosol
H223	Flammable aerosol
H224	Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
H225	Highly flammable liquid and vapour
H226	Flammable liquid and vapour
H227	Combustible liquid
H228	Flammable solid
H229	Pressurized container: may burst if heated
H230	May react explosively even in the absence of air
H231	May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature
H240	Heating may cause an explosion
H241	Heating may cause a fire or explosion
H242	Heating may cause a fire
H250	Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air
H251	Self-heating; may catch fire
H252	Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire
H260	In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
H261	In contact with water releases flammable gas
H270	May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer
H271	May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer
H272	May intensify fire; oxidizer
H280	Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated
H281	Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury
H290	May be corrosive to metals
Health hazards
Code	Phrase
H300	Fatal if swallowed
H301	Toxic if swallowed
H302	Harmful if swallowed
H303	May be harmful if swallowed