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CAS No. :	60560-33-0
Formula :	C₁₃H₁₉N₅
M.W :	245.32
SMILES Code :	CC(C)(C)C(N=C(NC1=CC=NC=C1)NC#N)C
Synonyms :	P-1134
MDL No. :	MFCD00153861
InChI Key :	IVVNZDGDKPTYHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Pubchem ID :	4826

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:	Warning
Hazard Statements:	H302-H315-H319-H335
Precautionary Statements:	P261-P264-P270-P271-P280-P301+P312-P302+P352-P304+P340-P305+P351+P338-P330-P332+P313-P337+P313-P362-P403+P233-P405-P501

Kir6.1/SUR2B HEK-293 stable cell line	100 µM	10 minutes	To test the effect of Pinacidil on Kir6.1/SUR2B channel activation, results showed that Pinacidil effectively activated the channel.	Front Pharmacol. 2023 Jun 20;14:1197257
Kir6.2/SUR2A HEK-293 stable cell line	9 µM	10 minutes	To test the effect of Pinacidil on Kir6.2/SUR2A channel activation, results showed that Pinacidil effectively activated the channel with an EC50 of 11 µM.	Front Pharmacol. 2023 Jun 20;14:1197257
Human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs)	0.1 or 10 µM	12 hours hypoxia followed by reoxygenation	Pinacidil treatment improved cell viability and proliferation, reduced the ratio of TUNEL-positive cells, downregulated mitochondria-related apoptosis proteins Bax, Caspase 9, and cleaved-Caspase 3, and reduced cytochrome C (Cyt-C) release. Additionally, pinacidil increased NO content and eNOS expression and phosphorylation at Ser1177, reduced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, and improved endothelial barrier function.	Basic Res Cardiol. 2024 Feb;119(1):113-131
Guinea-pig isolated perfused heart	10, 30, 50 µM	15 min	To study the effects of pinacidil on cardiac contractility, coronary perfusion pressure, and ECG intervals. Results showed that pinacidil decreased +dP/dtmax, cP, and QT interval in a dose-dependent manner, increased PR interval, and did not modify QRS duration.	Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Mar;105(3):715-9
Retinal microglia	10, 50, 100 µM/3 µL	16 hours	Pinacidil inhibited tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1β expression in M1-type microglia and alleviated the M1 microglia-induced GFAP expression in the Müller cells. Furthermore, pinacidil on its own, or in combination with IL-4, can upregulate arginase-1 (Arg-1) and Kir6.1 expression in microglial cells.	Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021 Feb 1;62(2):3
Human immortalized renal proximal tubule cells (RPTECs/TERT1)	100 µM	21 days	To evaluate the role of KATP channels in tubulogenesis, results showed chronic activation of KATP channels led to denser tubular structures but shorter tubule length	ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2022 Mar 14;8(3):1239-1246
Guinea-pig taenia caecum smooth muscle	0.1-100 µM	30 minutes	Both pinacidil and GTN inhibited spontaneous tone, and these inhibitory effects were not antagonized by apamin.	Br J Pharmacol. 1987 Jun;91(2):421-9
Rat portal vein smooth muscle	0.3-30 µM	30 minutes	Pinacidil completely abolished spontaneous electrical and mechanical activity and inhibited contractions induced by noradrenaline and 20 mM K+, but had no significant effect on responses to 80 mM K+.	Br J Pharmacol. 1987 Jun;91(2):421-9
Rat aortic smooth muscle	1-100 µM	30 minutes	Pinacidil inhibited contractions induced by noradrenaline and KCl, showing selective inhibition of contractions to 20 mM K+ but little effect on responses to 80 mM K+.	Br J Pharmacol. 1987 Jun;91(2):421-9
Rat mesenteric resistance vessel smooth muscle cells	0.3-10 µM	5 minutes	To study the inhibitory effect of Pinacidil on noradrenaline-induced tone, results showed Pinacidil concentration-dependently suppressed the tone.	Br J Pharmacol. 1988 Sep;95(1):103-8
Astrocytes	400 µM	50 seconds	To evaluate Pinacidil's effect on astrocytic membrane potential, revealing only slight depolarization by ethanol (1.3 ± 1.7 mV) and no significant impact of Pinacidil	Cleve Clin J Med. 2009 Apr;76 Suppl 2(0 2):S80-5
Neurons	400 µM	50 seconds	To assess the impact of Pinacidil on neuronal biophysical properties, showing no significant changes in resting membrane potential, input resistance, or current-induced spike rate	Cleve Clin J Med. 2009 Apr;76 Suppl 2(0 2):S80-5
Rat mesenteric resistance vessel smooth muscle cells	1-10 µM	6 minutes	To study the effect of Pinacidil on potassium channels, results showed Pinacidil significantly increased the 42K-efflux rate constant.	Br J Pharmacol. 1988 Sep;95(1):103-8
Rat cerebral cortex cells	1 mM	60 minutes	MgATP enhanced the inhibitory effect of pinacidil on [3H]-glibenclamide binding.	Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Jun;106(2):295-301
HIT-T15 cells	200-500 µM	60 minutes	In the absence of MgATP, pinacidil did not significantly displace [3H]-glibenclamide binding; however, in the presence of MgATP, pinacidil significantly enhanced the displacement of [3H]-glibenclamide binding.	Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Jun;106(2):295-301
Guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle	0.1-100 µM	8 minutes	Pinacidil fully relaxed spontaneous tone and selectively inhibited contractions to 20 mM K+, but had no significant effect on responses to 80 mM K+.	Br J Pharmacol. 1987 Jun;91(2):421-9
Rabbit portal vein smooth muscle cells	>3 µM	several minutes	Pinacidil inhibited the ryanodine-sensitive oscillatory outward potassium current induced by Ca released from an intracellular store, and glibenclamide antagonized this effect.	Br J Pharmacol. 1991 Apr;102(4):788-90

Mice	SUR2[R1154Q] mutant mice	Intraperitoneal injection	0.01, 0.1, 1 mg	Daily	To evaluate the effect of Pinacidil on blood pressure and heart rate, results showed significantly weakened blood pressure-lowering effect in SUR2RQ/RQ mice, but similar heart rate-increasing effect	JCI Insight. 2021 Mar 8;6(5):e145934
C57BL/6J mice	Cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury model	Intraperitoneal injection	0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg/day	Once daily for 3 days	Pinacidil treatment improved cardiac function (LVEF and LVFS), reduced infarction size and myocardial fibrosis, decreased endothelial apoptosis, increased capillary density and perfusion, and reduced the no-reflow phenomenon. Additionally, pinacidil increased NO generation, reduced ET-1 expression, improved endothelial barrier function, and reduced vascular leakage and inflammation.	Basic Res Cardiol. 2024 Feb;119(1):113-131
Guinea-pigs and rabbits	Mesenteric arteries	Superfusion	1 μM to 30 μM	Not specified	Pinacidil inhibited neuromuscular transmission in guinea-pig and rabbit mesenteric arteries, reducing the amplitude and decay time of excitatory junction potentials (ej.ps), with minimal effects on NA and DOPEG overflow. This inhibition was prevented by glibenclamide.	Br J Pharmacol. 1990 Nov;101(3):581-6
Sprague Dawley rats	Skin/muscle incision and retraction (SMIR) surgery model	Intraperitoneal injection	10 µg/kg, 25 µg/kg, 50 µg/kg	Single dose before surgery	To evaluate the effects of Pinacidil on SMIR surgery-induced mechanical allodynia. Results showed that Pinacidil significantly inhibited SMIR-induced mechanical allodynia and improved the microenvironment around the incision site.	Mol Med Rep. 2015 Jul;12(1):829-36
Wistar rats	Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model	Intracerebroventricular injection	10 nmol/5 μL	Single dose, 30 min before cerebral ischemia	To investigate the effect of Pinacidil on neuronal apoptosis and its signaling transduction mechanism following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Results showed that Pinacidil significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis and decreased the expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 mRNAs.	Neurosci Bull. 2007 May;23(3):145-50
Sprague-Dawley rats	Isolated myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model	Perfusion	10, 30, 50 µM	Single administration, lasting 2 minutes	To investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of different concentrations of Pinacidil postconditioning on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Results showed that 50 μmol/l Pinacidil postconditioning activated the Nrf2-ARE pathway, reduced ROS generation, significantly improved cardiac function, and alleviated myocardial injury.	Mol Med Rep. 2021 Jun;23(6):433
Guinea-pigs	Langendorff perfused heart model	Perfusion	10, 30, 50 μM	15 min	To study the effects of pinacidil on cardiac rhythm. Results showed sustained ventricular fibrillation (VF) in 4 out of 20 hearts, and the induction of VF was concentration-dependent.	Br J Pharmacol. 1992 Mar;105(3):715-9
Sprague Dawley (SD) rats	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	Intravitreal injection	10, 50, or 100 μM	Single injection, samples harvested at 24 hours	Intravitreal injection of pinacidil alleviated diabetes-induced Müller cell gliosis and microglial activation and reduced vascular endothelial growth factor expression.	Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021 Feb 1;62(2):3
Human hearts	Congestive heart failure (CHF) and non-failing (NF) hearts	Coronary perfusion	100 μM	10 minutes	Pinacidil significantly decreased APDs in both atria and ventricles in all hearts studied and induced atrial and ventricular flutter/fibrillation.	J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011 Aug;51(2):215-25
Rats	PTZ and pilocarpine-induced seizure models	Intraperitoneal injection	2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg	Single administration, observed for 30 minutes (PTZ) or 45 minutes (pilocarpine)	To evaluate the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects of Pinacidil. Results showed that 10 mg/kg dose fully protected animals from PTZ-induced seizures, and 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg doses provided 85.7%, 100%, and 100% protection against pilocarpine-induced seizures, respectively. Additionally, Pinacidil demonstrated mild anxiolytic activity.	Sci Rep. 2024 Sep 30;14(1):22695
C57BL/6 mice	Anesthetized rats and awake mice	Topical cortical application	220 or 440 μM	Single administration, effects lasting ~50-60 seconds	To assess Pinacidil's effect on vascular diameter and local blood volume, showing MCA dilation (~20% peak) and parenchymal blood volume increase (~2% peak), mimicking functional hyperemia	Cleve Clin J Med. 2009 Apr;76 Suppl 2(0 2):S80-5
Sprague-Dawley rats	Anesthetized rats and awake mice	Topical cortical application	400 μM	Single administration, effects lasting ~50-60 seconds	To assess Pinacidil's effect on vascular diameter and local blood volume, showing MCA dilation (~20% peak) and parenchymal blood volume increase (~2% peak), mimicking functional hyperemia	Cleve Clin J Med. 2009 Apr;76 Suppl 2(0 2):S80-5
Mice	Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis model	Ex vivo bath application	8.1±0.5 μM	Single dose	Test the protective effect of Pinacidil on muscle force loss under low-K+ conditions, showing it was about 10-fold less potent than Retigabine	Brain. 2023 Apr 19;146(4):1554-1560
Beagles	Ventricular fibrillation model	Intravenous	Loading dosage 0.5 mg/kg and maintenance dosage 0.5 mg/kg/h	Loading dose given in 10 min, maintenance dosage continued until the end of the experiment	Pinacidil significantly decreased APD 90 and ARI, increased VF activation rate, but did not change DFT. The drug significantly prolonged the postshock cycle length of cycles 2 to 5 for the successful episodes suggesting that EAD may play a role in postshock activation.	Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2012 Dec;33(12):1488-94

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CAS No.: 60560-33-0

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CAS No.: 60560-33-0

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Product Details of Pinacidil

Safety of Pinacidil

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Biological Activity

Protocol

References

Historical Records

Categories

Precautionary Statements-General

Prevention

Response

Storage

Disposal

Physical hazards

Health hazards

Environmental hazards

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Preparing Stock Solutions		1mg	5mg	10mg
Preparing Stock Solutions	1 mM 5 mM 10 mM	4.08mL 0.82mL 0.41mL	20.38mL 4.08mL 2.04mL	40.76mL 8.15mL 4.08mL
Dissolving Methods	Animal experiment Please choose the appropriate dissolution scheme according to your animal administration guide.For the following dissolution schemes, clear stock solution should be prepared according to in vitro experiments, and then cosolvent should be added in turn: in order to ensure the reliability of the experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be properly preserved according to the storage conditions; The working fluid for in vivo experiment is recommended to be prepared now and used on the same day; The percentage shown in front of the following solvent refers to the volume ratio of the solvent in the final solution; If precipitation or precipitation occurs in the preparation process, it can be assisted by heating and/or ultrasound. Protocol 1 Protocol 2

Precautionary Statements-General
Code	Phrase
P101	If medical advice is needed,have product container or label at hand.
P102	Keep out of reach of children.
P103	Read label before use
Prevention
Code	Phrase
P201	Obtain special instructions before use.
P202	Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P210	Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking.
P211	Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.
P220	Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials.
P221	Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles
P222	Do not allow contact with air.
P223	Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent reaction and possible flash fire.
P230	Keep wetted
P231	Handle under inert gas.
P232	Protect from moisture.
P233	Keep container tightly closed.
P234	Keep only in original container.
P235	Keep cool
P240	Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
P241	Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment.
P242	Use only non-sparking tools.
P243	Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
P244	Keep reduction valves free from grease and oil.
P250	Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction.
P251	Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use.
P260	Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P261	Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P262	Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
P263	Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing.
P264	Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
P265	Wash skin thouroughly after handling.
P270	Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
P271	Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P272	Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.
P273	Avoid release to the environment.
P280	Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P281	Use personal protective equipment as required.
P282	Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection.
P283	Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing.
P284	Wear respiratory protection.
P285	In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.
P231 + P232	Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture.
P235 + P410	Keep cool. Protect from sunlight.
Response
Code	Phrase
P301	IF SWALLOWED:
P304	IF INHALED:
P305	IF IN EYES:
P306	IF ON CLOTHING:
P307	IF exposed:
P308	IF exposed or concerned:
P309	IF exposed or if you feel unwell:
P310	Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P311	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P312	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P313	Get medical advice/attention.
P314	Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.
P315	Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P320
P302 + P352	IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water.
P321
P322
P330	Rinse mouth.
P331	Do NOT induce vomiting.
P332	IF SKIN irritation occurs:
P333	If skin irritation or rash occurs:
P334	Immerse in cool water/wrap n wet bandages.
P335	Brush off loose particles from skin.
P336	Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area.
P337	If eye irritation persists:
P338	Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P340	Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P341	If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P342	If experiencing respiratory symptoms:
P350	Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P351	Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
P352	Wash with plenty of soap and water.
P353	Rinse skin with water/shower.
P360	Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P361	Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
P362	Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
P363	Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
P370	In case of fire:
P371	In case of major fire and large quantities:
P372	Explosion risk in case of fire.
P373	DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
P374	Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.
P376	Stop leak if safe to do so. Oxidising gases (section 2.4) 1
P377	Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely.
P378
P380	Evacuate area.
P381	Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so.
P390	Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P391	Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment
P301 + P310	IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P301 + P312	IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell.
P301 + P330 + P331	IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
P302 + P334	IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P302 + P350	IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water.
P303 + P361 + P353	IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower.
P304 + P312	IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P304 + P340	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P304 + P341	IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P305 + P351 + P338	IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P306 + P360	IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P307 + P311	IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P308 + P313	IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.
P309 + P311	IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P332 + P313	IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P333 + P313	IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P335 + P334	Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P337 + P313	IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.
P342 + P311	IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P370 + P376	In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so.
P370 + P378	In case of fire:
P370 + P380	In case of fire: Evacuate area.
P370 + P380 + P375	In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P371 + P380 + P375	In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
Storage
Code	Phrase
P401
P402	Store in a dry place.
P403	Store in a well-ventilated place.
P404	Store in a closed container.
P405	Store locked up.
P406	Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner.
P407	Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets.
P410	Protect from sunlight.
P411
P412	Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF.
P413
P420	Store away from other materials.
P422
P402 + P404	Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container.
P403 + P233	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
P403 + P235	Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
P410 + P403	Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place.
P410 + P412	Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/122oF.
P411 + P235	Keep cool.
Disposal
Code	Phrase
P501	Dispose of contents/container to ...
P502	Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling

Physical hazards
Code	Phrase
H200	Unstable explosive
H201	Explosive; mass explosion hazard
H202	Explosive; severe projection hazard
H203	Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard
H204	Fire or projection hazard
H205	May mass explode in fire
H220	Extremely flammable gas
H221	Flammable gas
H222	Extremely flammable aerosol
H223	Flammable aerosol
H224	Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
H225	Highly flammable liquid and vapour
H226	Flammable liquid and vapour
H227	Combustible liquid
H228	Flammable solid
H229	Pressurized container: may burst if heated
H230	May react explosively even in the absence of air
H231	May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature
H240	Heating may cause an explosion
H241	Heating may cause a fire or explosion
H242	Heating may cause a fire
H250	Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air
H251	Self-heating; may catch fire
H252	Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire
H260	In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
H261	In contact with water releases flammable gas
H270	May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer
H271	May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer
H272	May intensify fire; oxidizer
H280	Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated
H281	Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury
H290	May be corrosive to metals
Health hazards
Code	Phrase
H300	Fatal if swallowed
H301	Toxic if swallowed
H302	Harmful if swallowed
H303	May be harmful if swallowed